Table 1.
Characteristics of exercise-trained men
| Variable | Study 1 N = 8 |
Study 2 N = 13 |
Study 3 N = 10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 25 ± 6 | 23 ± 3 | 27 ± 5 |
| Height (cm) | 178 ± 6 | 178 ± 8 | 178 ± 3 |
| Weight (kg) | 86 ± 15 | 82 ± 12 | 81 ± 7 |
| BMI (kg∙m-2) | 27 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 |
| Body fat (%) | 17 ± 5 | 15 ± 7 | 13 ± 6 |
| Waist:Hip | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.04 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 66 ± 5 | 68 ± 5 | 62 ± 10 |
| Resting SBP (mmHg) | 117 ± 6 | 114 ± 11 | 111 ± 11 |
| Resting DBP (mmHg) | 74 ± 8 | 73 ± 9 | 61 ± 8 |
| Years resistance exercise training | 7 ± 8 | 4 ± 3 | 7 ± 6 |
| Hours per week resistance exercise | 4 ± 3 | 4 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 |
| Years aerobic exercise training | 4 ± 4 | 3 ± 3 | 5 ± 4 |
| Hours per week aerobic exercise | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 1 |
Data are mean ± SD.
Study 1: cross-over design with subjects consuming either 1.25 or 5.00 grams of betaine in a single ingestion.
Study 2: cross-over design with subjects consuming 2.5 grams of betaine or a placebo daily for 14 days; 21 day washout period between each condition.
Study 3: subjects consumed 6 grams of betaine daily for 7 days.