Table 6.

Association of exposure to the Dutch famine (overall or in specific periods of gestation) with performance on tests of cognitive functioning within 300 sibling pairs examined between 2003 and 2005

Domain	Measurea	Period of gestational exposure of hospital-born sibling
		Weeks 1–10 (n = 74)	Weeks 11–20 (n = 122)	Weeks 21–30 (n = 139)	Week 31 to delivery (n = 129)
		Estimate (95% CI)	Estimate (95% CI)	Estimate (95% CI)	Estimate (95% CI)	P-valueb
Memory
Encoding	WLTtot (number of words recalled)	−0.87 (−4.02 to 2.28)	−0.13 (−2.44 to 2.20)	−0.19 (−2.37 to 1.99)	1.36 (−1.10 to 3.81)	0.76
Retrieval	WLTdr (number of words recalled after delay)	0.57 (−0.91 to 2.04)	−0.46 (−1.54 to 0.63)	0.27 (−0.75 to 1.29)	0.12 (−1.02 to 1.27)	0.84
Semantic memory	FLU (number of words in 1 min)	0.32 (−2.41 to 3.07)	0.13 (−1.89 to 2.15)	−1.41 (−3.31 to 0.49)	0.83 (−1.31 to 2.97)	0.61
Speed
General information processing speed	Str12 (s)	0.37 (−1.19 to 1.93)	−0.97 (−2.13 to 0.19)	0.92 (−0.17 to 2.01)	−0.70 (−1.92 to 0.53)	0.32
Colour word interference susceptibility	Str3 (s)	0.18 (−5.17 to 5.53)	−0.72 (−4.69 to 3.25)	2.91 (−0.82 to 6.64)	0.46 (−3.74 to 4.66)	0.62
Coding	LDST (number filled in 1 min)	0.11 (−2.96 to 3.18)	0.41 (−1.87 to 2.69)	−1.25 (−3.39 to 0.89)	1.18 (−1.23 to 3.59)	0.74
Overall
General cognitive index		−1.05 (−7.91 to 5.81)	1.41 (−3.67 to 6.50)	−3.49 (−8.28 to 1.29)	2.82 (−2.56 to 8.21)	0.60

FLU, fluency task; LDST, Letter Digit Substitution Test.

^aValues represent within-pair difference in respective measure. Estimates were obtained by linear regression and were adjusted for the sex of the sibling pair, within-pair difference in age and alcohol intake, exposure to famine of the hospital-born sibling in any other period of gestation and hospital of birth of the hospital-born sibling.

^bTest of association of all four periods of exposure considered as a group (Wald test, 4 df).