Table 2.
Summary of longitudinal analysis of changes in verbal learning and memory, visual memory, and attention over the 10-year follow-up period based on substance use trajectory classes. Predictor values are unstandardized B coefficients (and standard errors).
| Model | List A: Trial 1 | CVLTa | Recognition Discriminability | WISC/WAISb | ROCFc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short Delay Free Recall | Long Delay Free Recall | Arithmetic | 30-minute Delayed Recall | |||
| Log Likelihood | −2176.05 | −2271.96 | −2188.48 | −3022.36 | −2283.55 | −373.48 |
| Wald chi2 | 127.13 | 134.04 | 123.22 | 46.03 | 67.81 | 51.04 |
| Model P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0008 | <.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Predictors | ||||||
| Time | .53(.13)** | . 71(.13)* | .65(.12)** | .55(.29) | −.29(.13)* | −.59(.05) |
| Time2 | −.06(.01)** | .0004(.00001)** | .0004(.00001)* | −.05(.03) | .03(.01) | − |
| Intake Visual Reproductiond | - | - | - | - | - | .54(.18)** |
| Late Adol. Resurg. | −.18(.53) | −.12(.69) | −.45(.68) | .29(1.21) | −.36(.66) | −3.01(2.18) |
| Emerge. Adult. Resurg. | −.12(.55) | −.40(.71) | −.72(.71) | −.21(1.25) | −.66(.68) | −3.21(1.20) |
| Frequent Drinkers | −.68(.55) | −.71(.70) | −.82(.70) | .39(1.25) | −.36(.68) | −8.40(1.90)** |
| Frequent Drinkers/Drug Dep. | −.85(.55) | −.85(.70) | −1.15(.69) | 1.07(1.24) | −.37(.68) | −4.21(2.32) |
| Chronic | −.62(.83) | −.85(1.06) | −.01(1.05) | .64(1.88) | −.74(1.00) | − |
| Controls | −.13(.42) | −.04(.54) | −.24(.54) | .66(.94) | .86(.52) | −1.57(1.49) |
| Late Adol. Resurg. x Time | −.21(.23) | −.50(.24)* | −.35(.22) | −.48(.52) | −.03(.24) | −.2.28(1.13)* |
| Emerge. Adult. Resurg. x Time | −.54(.23)* | −.56(24)* | −.32(.22) | .03(.53) | −.04(.23) | .26(.1.10) |
| Frequent Drinkers x Time | .12(.22) | .03(.23) | −.16(.21) | .03(.51) | −.07(.23) | 2.4(.88)** |
| Heavy Drink/Drug Dep. x Time | .14(.22) | −.16(.23) | −.21(.20) | −.62(.49) | −.24(.23) | 2.63(1.14)* |
| Chronic x Time | .44(.56) | −.45(.59) | −1.06(.53)* | −3.07(1.29)* | −.20(.39) | - |
| Controls x Time | .28(.17) | −.03(.18) | −.03(.16) | .26(.39) | .22(.18) | −.33(.71) |
| Late Adol. Resurg.x Time2 | .02(.02) | .03(.03) | .02(.02) | .02(.06) | −.01(.03) | - |
| Emerge. Adult. Resurg. x Time2 | .06(.03)* | .05(.03) | .02(.02) | −.05(.06) | .01(.02) | - |
| Frequent Drinkers x Time2 | −.01(.02) | −.03(.02) | .01(.02) | −.03(.05) | .01(.02) | - |
| Heavy Drink/Drug Dep. x Time2 | −.01(.02) | −.01(.02) | −.03(.02) | −.07(.05) | .02(.02) | - |
| Chronic x Time2 | −.15(.09) | −.01(.10) | −.09(.09) | .44(.22)* | .01(.05) | - |
| Controls x Time2 | −.03(.02) | −.00(.02) | −.00(.02) | −.03(.04) | −.03(.02) | - |
| Constant | 7.75(.32)** | 11.87(.41)** | 12.33(.41)** | 95.04(.72)** | 10.6(.40)** | 14.87(2.05)** |
| Random Effects | ||||||
| Participant | 1.51(.10) | 2.23(.13) | 2.30(.13) | 3.40(.23) | 2.11(.12) | 3.83 (.45) |
Note. Abstainers/Infrequent Users were used as the reference group in these analyses.
CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test; CVLT-II administered at years 8 and 10.
WISC-R (baseline, 6 month, and 1 year follow-ups) and WAIS-R (years 2–10).
ROCF = Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure test (administered at years 8 and 10). Time2 coefficients are not present because only two time points were analyzed. The Chronic use class was not included due to a small sample size at later time points.
ROCF analysis controlled for Wechsler Memory Scale Visual Reproduction immediate and delayed recall scores at intake.
p<.05;
p<.01