Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for membership to a mixed cluster of foreign-born and U.S.-born patients, Rhode Island, 1995-2004
| Characteristica | Clustered strains |
Mixed vs unmixed |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmixed (n = 53) |
Mixed (n = 44) |
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| No. | % | No. | % | ||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 16 | 30.2 | 17 | 38.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 | 0.87 |
| Male | 37 | 69.8 | 27 | 61.4 | 0.69 (0.27–1.74) | 0.92 (0.34–2.52) | |
| Age group (yr) | |||||||
| 0–29 | 19 | 35.8 | 8 | 18.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.09 |
| 30–44 | 11 | 20.8 | 7 | 15.9 | 1.51 (0.43–5.31) | 1.92 (0.44–8.32) | |
| 45–64 | 14 | 26.4 | 16 | 36.4 | 2.71 (0.91–8.11) | 3.19 (0.88–11.49) | |
| >65 | 10 | 18.9 | 13 | 29.5 | 3.43 (1.04–11.22) | 5.18 (1.29–20.87) | |
| Country of origin | |||||||
| Foreign-born | 31 | 58.5 | 24 | 54.5 | 1.00 | ||
| Native-born | 22 | 41.5 | 20 | 45.5 | 1.17 (0.48–2.84) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Black | 9 | 17.0 | 11 | 25.0 | 1.00 | ||
| White | 5 | 9.4 | 2 | 4.5 | 2.94 (0.50–17.14) | ||
| Hispanic | 22 | 41.5 | 11 | 25.0 | 1.25 (0.21–7.51) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 17 | 32.1 | 20 | 45.5 | 3.05 (0.47–19.66) | ||
| Medical insurance | |||||||
| No | 29 | 54.7 | 12 | 27.3 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 17 | 32.1 | 21 | 47.7 | 2.99 (1.07–8.41) | ||
| Unknown* | 7 | 13.2 | 11 | 25.0 | |||
| Employment | |||||||
| No | 20 | 37.7 | 23 | 52.3 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 24 | 45.3 | 12 | 27.3 | 0.43 (0.16–1.19) | ||
| Unknown* | 9 | 17.0 | 9 | 20.5 | |||
| HIV status | |||||||
| No | 41 | 77.4 | 19 | 43.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2 | 3.8 | 5 | 11.4 | 5.39 (0.77–59.82) | ||
| Unknown* | 10 | 18.9 | 20 | 45.5 | |||
| History of latent TB | |||||||
| No | 39 | 73.6 | 29 | 65.9 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 7 | 13.2 | 6 | 13.6 | 1.15 (0.29–4.49) | ||
| Unknown* | 7 | 13.2 | 9 | 20.5 | |||
| Prior history of active TB | |||||||
| No | 53 | 100.0 | 37 | 84.1 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 9.1 | |||
| Unknown* | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 6.8 | |||
| Sputum AFB smear result | |||||||
| No | 25 | 47.2 | 27 | 61.4 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 21 | 39.6 | 12 | 27.3 | 0.53 (0.20–1.41) | ||
| Unknown | 7 | 13.2 | 5 | 11.4 | |||
| Site of disease | |||||||
| Extrapulmonary | 12 | 22.6 | 10 | 22.7 | 1.00 | ||
| Pulmonary | 41 | 77.4 | 34 | 77.3 | 1.00 (0.38–2.58) | ||
| History of drug use | |||||||
| No | 50 | 94.3 | 39 | 88.6 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2 | 3.8 | 3 | 6.8 | 1.92 (0.21–23.91) | ||
| Unknown* | 1 | 1.9 | 2 | 4.5 | |||
| Excessive alcohol use | |||||||
| No | 33 | 62.3 | 30 | 68.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 15 | 28.3 | 11 | 25.0 | 0.81(0.29–2.23) | ||
| Unknown* | 5 | 9.4 | 3 | 6.8 | |||
| Underlying medical condition | |||||||
| No | 39 | 73.6 | 30 | 68.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 14 | 26.4 | 14 | 31.8 | 1.30 (0.49–3.44) | ||
| Drug resistance | |||||||
| No | 46 | 86.8 | 42 | 95.5 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 7 | 13.2 | 2 | 4.5 | 0.31 (0.03–1.79) | ||
| Treatment outcome | |||||||
| Completed treatment | 48 | 90.6 | 31 | 70.5 | 1.00 | ||
| Died before treatment completed | 2 | 3.8 | 2 | 4.5 | 1.55 (0.21–11.57) | ||
| Lost to follow up | 1 | 1.9 | 7 | 15.9 | |||
| Unknown* | 2 | 3.8 | 4 | 9.1 | |||
| Cluster size | |||||||
| Small cluster (≤3 patients) | 44 | 83.0 | 16 | 36.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | <0.01 |
| Large cluster (>3 patients) | 9 | 17.0 | 28 | 63.6 | 9.89 (3.55–27.57) | 2.67 (1.64–4.34) | |
a
*, Not included in χ2 and OR calculations.