FIG. 1.

ADAR editing of measles virus genomes from MMR vaccines. (A) 3DI-PCR of the measles virus M gene from two commercial MMR vaccine lots. The negative control was Vero cells infected by measles virus. M, molecular weight markers; MV, measles virus. Asterisks indicate the PCR products cloned and sequenced. The sizes of the 3DI-PCR fragments are 315 bp. (B) Example of measles virus hypermutated genomes. # and % indicate the number of A→G transitions and the percentage of A targets edited to G, respectively. (C) Mutation matrices of NC29620 and NC70980 hyperedited measles virus sequences. The numbers below the matrices indicate the number of bases sequenced. (D) Frequency distribution of A→G editing per clone. (E) Dinucleotide analysis in 5′ and 3′ of NC29620 and NC70980 edited measles genomes. The dot indicates the edited base. Exp., expected. A χ² analysis indicates dinucleotide frequencies deviating significantly from the expected values (*, P < 0.05).