Targeting Est1 to telomeres inhibits type I survivor formation. (A and B) Haploid est1Δ cells with pRS316 (A) or pRS316-est1-D514A (B) plasmid were passaged on solid medium to generate survivors. Fifty independent clones were randomly picked, and their DNA was subjected to a telomere Southern blot analysis to examine the survivor types. The telomere phenotype of 46 clones is shown. (C) Telomere Southern blot analysis of yku80Δ cells. Genomic DNA from two independent clones of the yku80Δ strain cultured at 30°C was subjected to telomere Southern blot analysis using a TG1-3 probe. (D) The est2Δ strain with pRS415, pRS314-CDC13, pRS415-CDC13-EST1 vector, or pRS415-CDC13-est1-D514A was passaged by serial streakouts on solid medium to generate survivors, and DNA isolated from the indicated independent clones was subjected to telomere Southern blot analysis (data not shown). The survivor rate of est2Δ strain cells with pRS415, pRS314-CDC13, pRS415-CDC13-EST1 vector, or pRS415-CDC13-est1-D514A plasmid was calculated according to the telomere Southern blot analysis.