Table 2.
Logistic Regression Models Comparing Gambling-Related Suicides With Non–Gambling-Related Suicides and Gambling-Related Suicide With and Without Gambling-Related Debt
| Gambling-Related Suicides (n = 123) vs Non-Gambling Related Suicides (n = 968) | Gambling-Related Suicides With Debt (n = 110) vs Without Debt (n = 123) | |||
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Male | 2.64 (1.86–3.77) | .021 | 0.93 (0.47–1.83) | .830 |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | < .001 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | .001 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married/cohabited | 2.32 (1.57–3.43) | < .001 | 1.56 (0.76–3.18) | .224 |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.51 (0.83–2.75) | .175 | 0.56 (0.17–1.83) | .337 |
| Employment and living status | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unemployed | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | .021 | 0.88 (0.49–1.59) | .679 |
| Economically inactive | 0.33 (0.20–0.56) | < .001 | 0.29 (0.11–0.77) | .013 |
| Lived alone | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | .678 | 1.04 (0.56–1.93) | .911 |
| Suicide method | ||||
| Jumping | 1 | 1 | ||
| Carbon monoxide poisoning | 2.55 (1.80–3.60) | < .001 | 1.43 (0.77–2.65) | .257 |
| Hanging | 1.18 (0.76–1.83) | .465 | 1.37 (0.59–3.16) | .460 |
| Other | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) | .795 | 0.97 (0.31–3.05) | .965 |
| Recorded psychiatric and medical problems | ||||
| Diagnosed psychiatric problems in lifetime | 0.40 (0.27–0.59) | < .001 | 0.41 (0.19–0.88) | .023 |
| Received psychiatric treatment in lifetime | 0.41 (0.23–0.73) | .002 | 0.33 (0.11–0.99) | .047 |
| Received psychiatric treatment at the time of death | 0.61 (0.33–1.13) | .114 | 0.26 (0.07–0.97) | .049 |
| Medical problems | 0.48 (0.34–0.69) | < .001 | 0.84 (0.42–1.65) | .607 |
| Psychosocial life events | ||||
| Family problems in the past year | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | .242 | 1.15 (0.67–1.98) | .602 |
| Relationship issues in the past year | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | .706 | 0.74 (0.31–1.77) | .504 |
| Past suicide attempts | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | .939 | 0.79 (0.43–1.44) | .439 |
| Bereavement | 0.50 (0.25–0.99) | .047 | 0.23 (0.04–1.18) | .077 |
| Criminal records | 0.66 (0.38–1.14) | .140 | 0.45 (0.16–1.26) | .128 |
| History of drug use | 0.40 (0.23–0.70) | .001 | 0.38 (0.12–1.18) | .095 |
| History of alcohol abuse | 0.59 (0.82–3.06) | .169 | 2.89 (0.84–9.89) | .092 |
| Financial issues related to gambling | ||||
| Evidence of debt (including non–gambling related) | 12.26 (8.13–18.47) | < .001 | 149.66 (18.66–1200.49) | < .001 |
| Types of gambling (multiple items) | ||||
| Casino in Macau | NA | 11.55 (3.9–34.19) | ||
| Horse racing | NA | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | ||
| Soccer gambling | NA | 2.74 (1.07–7.06) | ||
| Mahjong | NA | 1.42 (0.77–2.62) | ||
| Involved with a loan shark | 97.49 (13.05–727.78) | < .001 | 28.14 (3.70–213.58) | < .001 |
| Involved with a legal financial institution | 12.15 (5.32–27.72) | < .001 | 5.64 (1.76–18.05) | .004 |
Abbreviations: NA = not applicable, OR = odds ratio.