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Most commonly affected genes in PDAC.
| Type | Gene | Cellular function | Affected in PDAC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor suppressor genes | CDKN2A/p16 | G1-S phase cell cycle inhibition | 95% |
| SMAD4 | TGFβ | 55% | |
| TP53 | Cell-cycle arrest | 75% | |
|
| |||
| Oncogenes | KRAS2 | ERK-MAPkinase signaling | >90% |
| CyclinD | Cell cycle progression | 65% | |
| BRAF | ERK-MAPkinase signaling | 5% | |
|
| |||
| Genome maintenance genes | MLH1/MSH2 | DNA damage (mismatch) repair | 4% |
| BRCA2 | DNA damage repair | 7–10% | |
