Table 1.
Type | Gene | Cellular function | Affected in PDAC |
---|---|---|---|
Tumor suppressor genes | CDKN2A/p16 | G1-S phase cell cycle inhibition | 95% |
SMAD4 | TGFβ | 55% | |
TP53 | Cell-cycle arrest | 75% | |
| |||
Oncogenes | KRAS2 | ERK-MAPkinase signaling | >90% |
CyclinD | Cell cycle progression | 65% | |
BRAF | ERK-MAPkinase signaling | 5% | |
| |||
Genome maintenance genes | MLH1/MSH2 | DNA damage (mismatch) repair | 4% |
BRCA2 | DNA damage repair | 7–10% |