Table 1.

Biomarker databases for population exposure reconstruction. Databases that include complementary exposure data can be used to evaluate exposure reconstruction approaches.

	Organophosphate Pesticides			Pyrethroid Pesticides			Metals
Program/study	Chlorpyrifos	Diazinon	Malathion	Permethrins	Cyfluthrin	Cypermethrin	As	Cd	Cr	Hg/MeHg	Pb	Location; number of subjects
CHAMACOS (1999–2000) (Castorina et al., 2003)	bd	bd	bd									CA; 600 pregnant women
CTEPP (2000–2001) (Wilson et al., 2004)	ac	ac		ad	ad							NC, OH; 257 children (1.5–5 yrs)
MNCPES (1997) (Quackenboss et al., 2000)	ac	ac	ac									MN; 102 children (3–12 years)
NHANES-III (1988–94) (Hill et al., 1995)	c							c			bc	US; 1000 adults (20–59 yrs)
NHANES (1999–2000) (CDC, 2005)	cd	cd	cd					c		c	bc	US; 9,282 subjects (all ages)
NHANES 2001–2002 (CDC, 2005)	cd	cd	cd	c	cd	c		c		c	bc	US; 10,477 subjects (all ages)
NHANES 2003–2004	cd	cd	cd	c	cd	c	c	c		c	bc	US; 9,643 subjects (all ages)
NHEXAS-AZ (1995–97) (Robertson et al., 1999)	ac	ac	ac				ac	ac	ac		ac	AZ; 179 subjects (all ages)
NHEXAS-MD (1995–96)	ac		ac				ac	ac	ac		ac	MD; 80 subjects (above 10 yrs)
NHEXAS-V (1995–1997) (Whitmore et al., 1999)							ac	ac	ac	c	ac	EPA Region V; 251 subj. (all ages)

^ameasurements of multimedia concentrations (indoor, outdoor, and personal air; drinking water; duplicate diet; dust; and soil);

^bpartial measurements of environmental concentrations (e.g. outdoor air concentrations, pesticide use, etc.);

^cspecific metabolites;

^dnonspecific metabolites.