Table 4.

Percentage (%) mean scores of quality of life (QoL) domains before and after intervention among experimental and control groups. Higher scores denote lower worry, lower impact, higher satisfaction, and better total QoL

Group	Experimental group					Control group					Between-group effecta
(QoL domains)	Pre-test		Post-test		Within groupb	Pre-test		Post-test		Within groupb	Size	P
	M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD
Total worry	77.74	11.90	71.84	12.86	4.91, P < 0.001	76.01	13.06	72.11	12.90	2.72, P = 0.007	− 2.00	0.44
Physical impact	70.50	16.36	69.03	15.10	2.82, P = 0.005	67.59	15.63	63.48	14.60	3.13, P = 0.002	+ 3.64	0.006
Social impact	80.99	8.59	75.70	8.73	6.75, P < 0.001	79.27	9.36	67.72	12.81	6.90, P < 0.001	+ 6.26	<0.001
School impact	80.55	19.35	78.34	19.04	4.10, P < 0.001	80.40	20.35	74.95	19.24	3.78, P < 0.001	+ 3.24	0.03
Family impact	56.94	17.94	58.38	17.37	1.90, P = 0.06	56.79	17.72	60.44	16.83	3.17, P = 0.001	− 2.21	0.14
Total impact	74.95	8.93	69.21	10.34	4.77, P < 0.001	73.32	9.19	67.43	12.95	4.03, P < 0.001	+ 0.15	0.42
Satisfaction with management	71.73	13.35	70.34	13.86	2.13, P = 0.03	72.95	15.58	68.93	13.64	3.04, P = 0.002	+ 2.63	0.10
Satisfaction with social life	77.50	13.88	70.44	14.93	5.32, P < 0.001	76.33	14.01	59.20	12.75	7.97, P < 0.001	+ 10.07	< 0.001
Satisfaction with school life	81.26	18.43	79.64	17.90	1.76, P = 0.08	77.46	20.40	65.60	17.49	5.32, P < 0.001	+ 10.24	< 0.001
Total satisfaction	75.45	10.77	69.92	11.26	4.67, P < 0.001	73.20	16.94	64.49	11.92	4.69, P < 0.001	+ 3.18	0.002
Total QoL	75.66	8.32	71.28	10.29	4.25, P < 0.001	74.34	9.05	69.92	10.09	3.67, P < 0.001	+ 0.04	0.58

Notes:

^aBetween-group effect sizes (experimental minus control groups) were adjusted for the results of the experimental and the control groups before the program using analysis of covariance;

^bWillcoxon test was applied to test the significance of the difference between pre- and post-test percentage mean scores.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation.