Table 5.
Percentage (%) mean scores of quality of life (QoL) determinants, depression scores, and levels of glycosylated hemoglobin before and after intervention among experimental and control groups. Higher scores denote higher levels of knowledge, adherence, self-efficacy, self-esteem, family contribution, more depression, and worse glycosylated hemoglobin
|
Group |
Intervention group |
Control group |
Between-group effecta |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QoL determinants |
Pre-test |
Post-test |
Within groupb |
Pre-test |
Post-test |
Within groupb | Size | P | ||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||||
| Total knowledge | 89.66 | 7.87 | 94.40 | 5.69 | 5.76, P < 0.001 | 90.14 | 7.17 | 89.33 | 7.78 | 0.77, P = 0.44 | + 5.55 | <0.001 |
| Total adherence | 63.86 | 10.26 | 69.23 | 7.03 | 4.50, P < 0.001 | 63.90 | 11.23 | 51.23 | 10.9 | 7.49, P < 0.001 | + 18.04 | < 0.001 |
| Total self-efficacy | 74.18 | 15.47 | 74.06 | 13.58 | 0.37, P = 0.71 | 73.20 | 16.94 | 65.72 | 13.50 | 3.89, P < 0.001 | + 7.36 | < 0.001 |
| Family contribution | 58.22 | 11.68 | 61.25 | 12.43 | 1.94, P = 0.52 | 56.90 | 11.97 | 52.55 | 14.62 | 3.45, P = 0.001 | + 7.38 | <0.001 |
| Self-esteem | 58.40 | 18.12 | 59.36 | 16.52 | 0.43, P = 0.67 | 54.48 | 18.76 | 56.64 | 15.4 | 1.35, P = 0.18 | − 1.20 | 0.29 |
| Depression | 27.46 | 16.64 | 37.42 | 14.40 | 5.32, P < 0.001 | 30.98 | 17.68 | 40.37 | 15.16 | 5.03, P < 0.001 | + 0.57 | 0.41 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin | 10.62 | 1.89 | 10.44 | 1.44 | 1.16, P = 0.25 | 10.97 | 1.84 | 11.22 | 1.55 | 2.13, P = 0.03 | − 0.43 | <0.001 |
Notes:
a
Between-group effect sizes (experimental minus control groups) were adjusted for the results of the experimental and the control groups before the program using analysis of covariance;
b
Willcoxon test was applied to test the significance of the difference between pre- and post-test percentage mean scores.
Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation.