Table 2.

Micro and nanofabricated substrates with applications in biosensing

Description	Advantages	Required instrumentation/consumables	Applications
Nanopores in thermoplastic90	Lithography-free, ability to tune size of nanopores	Argon ion laser, thermoplastic	DNA sensor
Plasmonic crystals32	Label-free, large area plasmonic sensing substrates, does not require electron-beam lithography or focused ion beam milling	Polyurethane, E-beam evaporation, PDMS, Si, gold	Protein sensor, drug screening
SANE52	Ability to tune separation between patterns, uniform patterns	Shrink film, PDMS, Si, oven, photo-resist, ethanol, gold	Biosensor
Quasi-3D plasmonic crystals81	Label-free, uniform crystals	PDMS, polyurethane, E-beam, UV light, gold	Biosensor
Patterned catalyst on polystyrene43	Photolithography-free, tunable patterns	Palladium colloids, polystyrene sheets, PDMS, oven, copper plating bath	Biosensor
Metal nanowrinkles30,31	Tunable nanowrinkles	Sputter coater, polystyrene, oven, gold, silver	Immunoassay, DNA sensors
POCKET immunoassay79	High sensitivity (LOD: 163 pM), integrated into microfluidic device, electricity-free	InGaA1P red semiconductor laser diode, gold, silver	Immunoassay
Gold nanoparticles60	Integrated into microfluidic device, sensitivity detection limit: 38 pM	PDMS, gold nanoparticles, oven, photoresist, silicon, printer	Immunoassay
Nanoplasmonic ruler55	Label-free, ability to study kinetics of nuclease enzymatic reactions	Metal nanoparticles, phosphine moiety, ultracentrifuge, scattering spectroscopy	DNA footprinting