Cigarette smoke exposure increased early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) expression in normal mouse lung tissues. Immunostaining of EGR-1 and GGPPS in lung tissue of normal mice exposed to cigarette smoke. EGR-1 levels increased in the cigarette smoking group (CS) compared with the control group (CTL) in the airway epithelium (arrow) after 5 weeks of challenge, alveolar epithelial cells (arrowhead) after 15 weeks, and airway epithelium (arrow) and invasive inflammatory (hollow arrowhead) cells after 27 weeks of exposure. GGPPS was also found in the airway epithelium (arrow), alveolar epithelial cells (arrowhead), and invasive inflammatory cells (hollow arrowhead) as EGR-1 did after 27 weeks of exposure. Scale bars: 200 μm, insets: 12.5 μm.