Table 7.
Univariate analysis of factors that may lead to failure in initial percutaneous therapy
| Treatment successful | Treatment failure | P-value | |
| Demographic characteristics and history | |||
| Age (yr), mean (95% CI) | 67 (62-73) | 63 (57-69) | 0.26 |
| Sex (M:F) | 20:11 | 15:08 | 1.00 |
| Prodrome (days), median (IQR) | 7 (3-20) | 7 (5-14) | 0.88 |
| History of gallstone disease, n (%) | 8 (27) | 5 (22) | 0.76 |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (13) | 3 (13) | 1.00 |
| Chronic renal failure, n (%) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (4.4) | 1.00 |
| Current cancer, n (%) | 6 (20) | 5 (22) | 1.00 |
| Examination findings, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 16 (53) | 12 (63) | 0.56 |
| Tachycardia | 13 (43) | 11 (58) | 0.39 |
| Hypotension | 4 (13) | 1 (5.3) | 0.64 |
| Laboratory findings, mean (95% CI) | |||
| Leucocytes (× 109/L) | 15.2 (13.1-17.4) | 13.6 (11.2-16.0) | 0.30 |
| Neutrophil (× 109/L) | 12.8 (10.8-14.9) | 11.7 (9.5-13.8) | 0.43 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 114 (106-121) | 120 (110-130) | 0.26 |
| Platelet (× 109/L) | 341 (255-426) | 319 (250-388) | 0.70 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 9.3 (6.8-11.9) | 6.5 (5.3-7.7) | 0.07 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 110 (83-138) | 103 (86-121) | 0.70 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 287 (236-338) | 258 (193-324) | 0.47 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 32 (29-35) | 28 (25-31) | 0.045 |
| AST (U/L) | 187 (30-344) | 70 (43-97) | 0.19 |
| ALT (U/L) | 149 (37-260) | 84 (55-114) | 0.33 |
| GGT (U/L) | 193 (115-271) | 183 (96-269) | 0.85 |
| ALP (U/L) | 201 (154-249) | 203 (143-262) | 0.97 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 29 (13-45) | 26 (19-32) | 0.75 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.9 (6.7-9.0) | 7.6 (6.4-8.9) | 0.79 |
| INR | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 1.4 (1.0-1.8) | 0.24 |
| Microbiology | |||
| Positive blood culture, n (%) | 12 (43) | 9 (47) | 0.78 |
| Positive aspirate culture, n (%) | 17 (61) | 17 (85) | 0.11 |
| Organism, n (%) | 0.19 | ||
| Streptococcus milleri | 8 (26) | 8 (35) | |
| Klebsiella species | 5 (16) | 7 (30) | |
| Escherichia coli | 6 (19) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 6 (19) | 4 (17) | |
| Negative cultures | 6 (19) | 4 (17) | |
| Imaging findings | |||
| Multiple abscesses, n (%) | 7 (24) | 10 (45) | 0.14 |
| Side of liver, n (%) | 0.10 | ||
| Left | 5 (17) | 2 (10) | |
| Right | 23 (77) | 13 (62) | |
| Bilateral involvement | 2 (7) | 6 (29) | |
| Abscess diameter, median (IQR) | 6.0 (3.8-9.5) | 6.5 (5.0-8.4) | 0.83 |
| Diameter > 5 cm | 11 (41) | 7 (35) | 1.00 |
| Presence of gas, n (%) | 5 (17) | 1 (5) | 0.38 |
| Biliary duct dilatation, n (%) | 6 (20) | 2 (10) | 0.45 |
| Intervention | |||
| Percutaneous drain insertion (vs percutaneous aspiration) | 24 (77) | 19 (83) | 0.74 |
| Cause | |||
| Presumptive cause, n (%) | 0.60 | ||
| Cryptogenic | 8 (29) | 9 (41) | |
| Biliary | 7 (25) | 5 (23) | |
| Portal | 6 (21) | 4 (18) | |
| Haematogenous | 5 (18) | 3 (14) | |
| Direct | 2 (7) | 1 (5) | |
AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CRP: C-reactive protein; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; INR: International normalized ratio.