Table 1.
Characteristics of female never smoker non-small cell lung cancer non-Hispanic White, Latina, and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) patients diagnosed 1998–2003 and 2005–2008, by race/ethnicity and immigration status, San Francisco Bay Area Lung Cancer Study (N = 462)
| Characteristics | Non-Hisp White (N=187) |
Latina US-born (N=23) |
Latina foreign-born (N=32) |
API US-born (N=30) |
API foreign-born (N=190) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||||||||
| 1998–2003 | 119 | 63.6 | 10 | 43.5 | 26 | 81.3 | 23 | 76.7 | 126 | 66.3 |
| 2005–2008 | 68 | 36.4 | 13 | 56.5 | 6 | 18.8 | 7 | 23.3 | 64 | 33.7 |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Mean (std dev) | 70.2 | (13.1) | 65.6 | (11.7) | 64.4 | (14.6) | 70.0 | (11.7) | 66.7 | (13.6) |
| < 70 | 78 | 41.7 | 12 | 52.2 | 20 | 62.5 | 12 | 40.0 | 107 | 56.3 |
| 70+ | 109 | 58.3 | 11 | 47.8 | 12 | 37.5 | 18 | 60.0 | 83 | 43.7 |
| Education** | ||||||||||
| ≤ High school | 84 | 45.2 | 13 | 56.5 | 23 | 74.2 | 12 | 42.9 | 99 | 54.1 |
| Some college or more | 102 | 54.8 | 10 | 43.5 | 8 | 25.8 | 16 | 57.1 | 84 | 45.9 |
| Unknown/(missing (n=11)) | ||||||||||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status1 | ||||||||||
| Lower (statewide quintiles 1–4) | 67 | 35.8 | 9 | 39.1 | 25 | 78.1 | 9 | 30.0 | 104 | 54.7 |
| High (statewide quintile 5) | 120 | 64.2 | 14 | 60.9 | 7 | 21.9 | 21 | 70.0 | 86 | 45.3 |
| Marital status** | ||||||||||
| Never Married | 15 | 8.0 | 5 | 21.7 | 9 | 28.1 | -3 | - | 19 | 10.0 |
| Married | 100 | 53.5 | 10 | 43.5 | 9 | 28.1 | 18 | 60.0 | 111 | 58.4 |
| Sep/div/wid/(unknown (n=8))2 | 72 | 38.5 | 8 | 34.8 | 14 | 43.8 | 10 | 33.3 | 60 | 31.6 |
| Type of health insurance** | ||||||||||
| Public | 20 | 11.1 | - | - | 10 | 38.5 | 6 | 20.7 | 73 | 43.5 |
| Private | 99 | 54.7 | 10 | 43.5 | 15 | 57.7 | 12 | 41.4 | 74 | 44.0 |
| Both | 62 | 34.3 | 10 | 43.5 | - | - | 11 | 37.9 | 21 | 12.5 |
| No insurance/unknown/(missing (n=35)) | ||||||||||
| 1st degree4 relative w/cancer** | ||||||||||
| None | 70 | 38.0 | 10 | 43.5 | 22 | 73.3 | 12 | 42.9 | 106 | 58.2 |
| Any | 114 | 62.0 | 13 | 56.5 | 8 | 26.7 | 16 | 57.1 | 76 | 41.8 |
| Unknown/(missing (n=15)) | ||||||||||
| Smoke exposure at home (years w/another smoker)5 | ||||||||||
| None | 45 | 24.9 | 5 | 22.7 | 11 | 37.9 | 8 | 29.6 | 68 | 39.1 |
| 1–20 | 67 | 37.0 | 10 | 45.4 | 10 | 34.4 | 12 | 44.4 | 71 | 40.8 |
| 21+ | 69 | 38.1 | 7 | 31.8 | 8 | 27.6 | 7 | 25.9 | 35 | 20.1 |
| Unknown/(missing (n=29)) | ||||||||||
| Smoke exposure at work6 | ||||||||||
| None | 96 | 61.9 | 9 | 50.0 | 21 | 77.8 | 7 | 33.3 | 98 | 64.1 |
| Any | 59 | 38.1 | 9 | 50.0 | 6 | 22.2 | 14 | 66.7 | 55 | 36.0 |
| Unknown/(missing (n=88)) | ||||||||||
| AJCC stage at diagnosis | ||||||||||
| I/II | 67 | 35.8 | 6 | 26.1 | 6 | 18.8 | 13 | 43.3 | 47 | 24.7 |
| III | 43 | 23.0 | - | - | 13 | 40.6 | 5 | 16.7 | 41 | 21.6 |
| IV/(unstaged (n=19)) | 77 | 41.2 | 13 | 56.5 | 13 | 40.6 | 12 | 40.0 | 102 | 53.7 |
| Histological subtype | ||||||||||
| Large cell/non-BAC7 adenocarcinoma/undiff | 141 | 75.4 | 21 | 91.3 | 26 | 81.3 | 24 | 80.0 | 166 | 87.4 |
| Squamous cell | 13 | 7.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 3.2 |
| BAC | 33 | 17.7 | 18 | 9.5 | ||||||
| Chemotherapy | ||||||||||
| None/(unknown (n=12)) | 115 | 61.5 | 11 | 47.8 | 20 | 62.5 | 20 | 66.7 | 97 | 51.1 |
| Given | 72 | 28.5 | 12 | 52.2 | 12 | 37.5 | 10 | 33.3 | 93 | 49.0 |
| Radiation | ||||||||||
| None/(unknown (n=1)) | 122 | 65.2 | 17 | 73.9 | 19 | 59.4 | 19 | 63.3 | 117 | 61.6 |
| Given | 65 | 34.8 | 6 | 26.1 | 13 | 40.6 | 11 | 36.7 | 73 | 38.4 |
| Surgery to primary site | ||||||||||
| None/(unknown (n=1)) | 108 | 57.8 | 17 | 73.9 | 25 | 78.1 | 15 | 50.0 | 133 | 70.0 |
| Performed | 79 | 42.3 | 6 | 26.1 | 7 | 21.9 | 15 | 50.0 | 57 | 30.0 |
| Hospital ownership** | ||||||||||
| Public | 75 | 41.4 | 10 | 43.5 | 17 | 53.1 | 15 | 50.0 | 113 | 61.1 |
| Private | 106 | 58.6 | 13 | 56.5 | 15 | 46.9 | 15 | 50.0 | 72 | 39.0 |
| Missing (n=11) | ||||||||||
| Hospital teaching status** | ||||||||||
| Non-teaching | 164 | 87.7 | - | - | - | - | 24 | 80.0 | 131 | 69.0 |
| Teaching | 23 | 12.3 | 6 | 20.0 | 59 | 31.1 | ||||
| Hospital total beds | ||||||||||
| 0–299 | 108 | 59.7 | 14 | 60.9 | 20 | 62.5 | 12. | 40.0 | 72 | 38.9 |
| 300+ | 73 | 40.3 | 9 | 39.1 | 12 | 37.5 | 18 | 60.0 | 113 | 61.1 |
| Missing (n=11) | ||||||||||
| ≥10% cancer patients seen at hospital are Latino** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 63 | 33.7 | 13 | 56.5 | 22 | 68.8 | 13 | 43.3 | 100 | 52.6 |
| No | 124 | 66.3 | 10 | 43.5 | 10 | 31.3 | 17 | 56.7 | 90 | 47.4 |
| ≥10% cancer patients seen at hospital are API** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 112 | 59.9 | - | - | 26 | 81.3 | 22 | 73.3 | 166 | 87.4 |
| No | 75 | 40.1 | 6 | 18.8 | 8 | 26.7 | 24 | 12.6 | ||
| Proxy interview | ||||||||||
| No | 143 | 76.5 | 19 | 82.6 | 16 | 50.0 | 19 | 63.3 | 90 | 47.4 |
| Yes | 44 | 23.5 | - | 16 | 50.0 | 11 | 36.7 | 100 | 52.6 | |
| Mortality | ||||||||||
| Deceased | 111 | 59.4 | 16 | 69.6 | 20 | 62.5 | 20 | 66.7 | 120 | 63.2 |
| Lung cancer death | 76 | 40.6 | 11 | 47.8 | 17 | 53.1 | 17 | 56.7 | 88 | 53.7 |
| Cause of death (% of deaths) | ||||||||||
| Lung cancer | 76 | 67.3 | 11 | 68.8 | 17 | 85.0 | 17 | 85.0 | 88 | 73.0 |
| Other cancers | 18 | 15.9 |
 5 |
31.2 | - | 15.0 | - | 15.0 | 11 | 9.1 |
| Other cause8 | - | - | 6 | 5.4 | ||||||
| Not coded | 14 | 12.4 | 15 | 12.5 | ||||||
| 2-year survival rates | 56.6 | 37.7 | 38.6 | 39.8 | 47.4 | |||||
| Median follow-up time (months) | 18.3 | 13.5 | 10.8 | 16.9 | 15.6 | |||||
p<0.01
neighborhood socioeconomic status derived from census block group residence at diagnosis
separated, divorced, widowed, or unknown status at time of interview
cells with fewer than five cases are not shown
first degree includes parents, brothers, sisters, and children related by blood
subject was asked “In your lifetime, how many years in total was there at least one smoker [IF SMOKER: other than yourself] living in your household?”
subject was asked “How many years in total were you exposed to the tobacco smoke of others in your indoor workplace?”
BAC = bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
Other causes include: myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, other lung disorders, pregnancy complications, dementia, pneumonia, pleural effusion, heart disease, and fall