Table 1.

Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in humans

Reference	Muscle group	Measurement	Age effect
In vitro studies
Barrientos et al., 1996 (Barrientos et al. 1996)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria respiration	↔
Boffoli et al., 1996 (Boffoli et al. 1996)	Vastus lateralis	Enzyme activity	↓
Brierley et al., 1996 (Brierley et al. 1996)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria respiration	↔
Chretien et al., 1998 (Chretien et al. 1998)	Deltoid		↔
Coggan et al., 1992 (Coggan et al. 1992)	Lateral gastrocnemius	Enzyme activity	↓
Houmard et al., 1998 (Houmard et al. 1998)	Vastus lateralis Lateral gastrocnemius	Enzyme activity	↓ ↔
Hutter et al., 2007 (Hutter et al. 2007)	Vastus Lateralis	Permeabilized fiber respiration	↔
Lanza et al., 2008 (Lanza et al. 2008)	Vastus lateralis	Enzyme activity Isolated mitochondria ATP synthesis	↓ ↓
McCully et al., 1993 (McCully et al. 1993)	Lateral gastrocnemius	Enzyme activity	↓
Meredith et al., 1989 (Meredith et al. 1989)	Vastus lateralis	Tissue homogenate respiration	↓
Pastoris et al., 2000 (Pastoris et al. 2000)	Vastus lateralis Gluteus maximus Rectus abdominus	Enzyme activity	↓ ↔ ↔
Proctor et al., 1995 (Proctor et al. 1995)	Vastus lateralis	Enzyme activity	↓
Rasmussen et al., 2003 (Rasmussen et al. 2003a)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria respiration	↔
Rasmussen et al., 2003 (Rasmussen et al. 2003b)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria respiration	↔
Rooyackers et al., 1996 (Rooyackers et al. 1996)	Vastus lateralis	Enzyme activity	↓
Short et al., 2005 (Short et al. 2005)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria ATP synthesis	↓
Short et al., 2003 (Short et al. 2003)	Vastus lateralis	Enzyme activity	↓
Tonkonogi et al., 2003 (Tonkonogi et al. 2003)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fiber respiration	↓ ↓
Trounce et al., 1989 (Trounce et al. 1989)	Vastus lateralis	Isolated mitochondria respiration	↔

In vivo studies
Amara et al., 2007 (Amara et al. 2007)	Tibialis anterior First dorsal interosseus	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics Near-infrared spectroscopy	↔ ↓
Chilibeck et al., 1998 (Chilibeck et al. 1998)	Gastrocnemius	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔
Conley et al., 2000 (Conley et al. 2000)	Vastus lateralis	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↓
Kent-braun and Ng, 2000 (Kent-Braun & Ng 2000)	Tibialis anterior	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔
Lanza et al., 2005 (Lanza et al. 2005)	Tibialis anterior	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔
Lanza et al., 2007 (Lanza et al. 2007)	Tibialis anterior	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔
Larsen et al., 2009 (Larsen et al. 2009)	Tibialis anterior Vastus lateralis	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔ ↓
McCully et al., 1991 (McCully et al. 1991)	Lateral gastrocnemius	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↓
McCully et al., 1993 (McCully et al. 1993)	Lateral Gastrocnemius	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↓
Petersen et al., 2003 (Petersen et al. 2003)	Soleus	Basal oxidation (¹³C-MRS) and phosphorylation (³¹P-MRS)	↓
Schunk et al., 1999 (Schunk et al. 1999)	Vastus lateralis	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔
Taylor et al., 1997 (Taylor et al. 1997)	Calf	³¹P-MRS PCr kinetics	↔