Table 2. Patient characteristics at antiretroviral therapy initiation associated with attrition and treatment failure.
| Attrition* | Immunologic Treatment Failure* | |||||||
| Original | Following Multiple Imputation (N = 2,596) | Original | Following Multiple Imputation (N = 2,596) | |||||
| Rate/100PY | HR (95% CI) | AHR† (95% CI) | Rate/100PY | HR (95% CI) | AHR† (95% CI) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1,576 | 17.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,576 | 13.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 1,020 | 23.0 | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1,020 | 15.5 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) |
| Age ** | 2,596 | – | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 2,596 | – | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| Year of ART Start ‡ | 2,596 | – | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 2,596 | – | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
| Married | ||||||||
| Married/Living together | 1,211 | 21.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,211 | 12.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Single/Widowed | 1,152 | 18.3 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1,152 | 15.7 | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) |
| Employed | ||||||||
| Yes | 992 | 18.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 992 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Student | 107 | 18.8 | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 107 | 15.8 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| No | 1,169 | 20.8 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1,169 | 14.4 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Active TB | ||||||||
| No | 2,297 | 18.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2,297 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 267 | 27.9 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 267 | 13.9 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) |
| WHO Stage | ||||||||
| Stage I/II | 619 | 13.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 619 | 14.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Stage III | 739 | 21.7 | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 739 | 13.1 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
| Stage IV | 259 | 35.0 | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | 259 | 14.7 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Weight | ||||||||
| >60 | 470 | 12.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 470 | 11.7 | 1.0 | |
| 45–60 | 1,224 | 18.1 | 1.4 (1.1– 1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1,224 | 14.3 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| <45 | 367 | 41.9 | 2.9 (2.2–3.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.9) | 367 | 17.5 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) |
| CD4+ T-cell count (cells/µL) | ||||||||
| >200 | 754 | 18.8 | 1.0 | – | 754 | 16.7 | 1.0 | – |
| >50–≤200 | 1,144 | 18.5 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | – | 1,144 | 10.2 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | – |
| <50 | 356 | 25.8 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | – | 356 | 22.1 | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | – |
| Hemoglobin | ||||||||
| ≥8.0 g/dL | 1,664 | 17.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,664 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| <8.0 g/dL | 235 | 40.5 | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 235 | 14.1 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
| Prescribed CTX | ||||||||
| Yes | 821 | 15.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 821 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| No | 1,775 | 21.9 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1,775 | 14.1 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
| Adherence | ||||||||
| ≥95% | 1,263 | 17.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,263 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| <95% | 597 | 28.3 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 597 | 15.8 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| Site Size | ||||||||
| >1,000 patients | 2,109 | 15.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2109 | 13.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤1,000 patients | 487 | 37.3 | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 1.5 (0.8–2.6) | 487 | 14.6 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
Abbreviations: Rate/100PY, rate per 100 person-years; HR, hazards ratio; AHR, adjusted hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization; BMI, body mass index; CTX, co-trimoxazole.
*Stratified by CD4+ T-cell count (cells/µL).
†
All variables listed in this table were included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
**Hazard ratios associated with a 10-year increase in age.
‡
Date of ART initiation was entered into the model; hazard ratios represent a yearly increase rather than a daily increase.