Table 5.
Bivariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses predicting the magnitude of the effect of unemployment on mortality.a
| Variable | Multivariate Model 1 |
Multivariate Model 2 |
Parsimonious Model b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Death rate estimated? (1, Yes; 0, No) | 1.00 (0.44, 2.80) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | … |
| Standard error estimated? (1, Yes; 0, No) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | … |
| Proportion of sample that is male (0 to 1) | 1.35c (1.18, 1.54) | 1.35c (1.19, 1.54) | 1.37c (1.21, 1.56) |
| Mean age of study sample at baseline (Reference group, <40) | … | … | … |
| 40 to 49.9 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) |
| 50 to 65 | 0.70d (0.56, 0.87) | 0.70c (0.56, 0.86) | 0.74d (0.61, 0.89) |
| Study age (per 10 y) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | … |
| Years between end of baseline and start of follow-up | 1.06d (1.02, 1.10) | 1.05d (1.01, 1.10) | 1.06c (1.03, 1.10) |
| Years between end of baseline and end of follow-up | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | … |
| Comparison group (1, General population; 0, Employed persons) | 0.67d (0.50, 0.88) | 0.66d (0.50, 0.87) | 0.68c (0.55, 0.83) |
| Unemployment measure (1, Any non-working; 0, Unemployed only) | 1.49c (1.23, 1.79) | 1.51c (1.25, 1.82) | 1.46c (1.27, 1.69) |
| Region (Reference group, Other developed nations) | … | … | … |
| United States | 1.02 (0.82, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.29) | … |
| Scandinavia | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | … |
| Controlled for sex (1, Yes; 0, No) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) | … |
| Controlled for age (1, Yes; 0, No) | 0.83e (0.70, 0.97) | 0.84e (0.72, 0.99) | 0.84e (0.72, 0.97) |
| Controlled for socioeconomic status (Reference group, No controls) | … | … | … |
| Controlled for only education or only income (1, Yes; 0, No) | 1.48 (0.99, 2.23) | 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) | 1.17 (0.87, 1.58) |
| Controlled for two or more SES measures (1, Yes; 0, No) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 0.87e (0.75, 1.00) | 0.87e (0.77, 0.98) |
| Controlled for health | … | … | … |
| Controlled for any health status variable (1, Yes; 0, No) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05) | … | … |
| Controlled for health behaviors specifically (1, Yes; 0, No) | … | 0.75e (0.58, 0.96) | 0.76e (0.60, 0.95) |
| Log of sample size | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | … |
| Newcastle-Ottawa quality rating | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | … |
| Constant | 1.11 | 1.25 | 1.62c |
| R 2 | .3875 | .3974 | .3702 |
| Unexplained Heterogeneity Variance Component | .0972c | .0959c | .1017c |
a
All meta-regressions were calculated by maximum likelihood using a random effects model. N=235 hazard ratios for all analyses. Numbers reported are the exponentiated regression coefficients (exponentiated 95% confidence intervals). Ellipses indicate situations when a variable was not entered into a model.
b
Obtained using backwards elimination, variables removed if p>. 10.
c
p<.001
d
p<.01
e
p ≤ .05