Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Subjects
| Category | Individuals who died (n=74) | Control subjects (n=148) | P | CVD events (n=120) | Control subjects (n=238) | P | AIDS events (n=81) | Control subjects (n=162) | P |
| Demographic characteristic | |||||||||
| Age, years (25th, 75th percentile) | 50 (42, 55) | 48 (43, 55) | .009 | 49 (44, 56) | 48 (42, 55) | <.0001 | 46 (40, 53) | 45 (39, 52) | .04 |
| Female sex, % | 21.6 | 21.6 | N/A | 19.2 | 19.3 | N/A | 28.4 | 28.4 | N/A |
| White/other race, % | 50 | 60 | (Ref) | 58.3 | 61.8 | (Ref) | 69.1 | 63.6 | (Ref) |
| Black race, % | 50 | 40 | .16 | 41.7 | 38.2 | .51 | 30.9 | 36.4 | .36 |
| CD4+ cell count, cells/mm3 | |||||||||
| Nadir (25th, 75th percentile) | 249 (152, 360) | 245 (118, 351) | .90 | 209 (107, 328) | 241 (133, 350) | .44 | 225 (140, 368) | 243 (135, 350) | .97 |
| Baseline (25th, 75th percentile) | 551 (410, 713) | 619 (476, 838) | .051 | 607 (463, 841) | 638 (496, 816) | .88 | 588 (465, 729) | 577 (488, 764) | .88 |
| Prior AIDS, % | 28.4 | 27.7 | .91 | 39.2 | 26.1 | .02 | 37.4 | 19.1 | .001 |
| United States, % | 96.0 | 96.0 | N/A | 90.0 | 90.8 | N/A | 85.2 | 85.2 | N/A |
| ART/HIV RNA level | |||||||||
| No ART | 21.6 | 17.8 | (Ref) | 14.2 | 13.9 | (Ref) | 27.2 | 20.3 | (Ref) |
| ART, HIV RNA level ≤400 copies/mL, % | 54.1 | 64.2 | .32 | 65.8 | 58.8 | .76 | 50.6 | 61.7 | .13 |
| ART, HIV RNA level >400 copies/mL, % | 24.3 | 18.2 | .87 | 20.0 | 27.3 | .38 | 22.2 | 18.0 | .81 |
| Hepatitis B/C, % | 46.0 | 23.0 | .001 | 25.8 | 18.9 | .12 | 19.8 | 21.0 | .81 |
| Other characteristics | |||||||||
| Current smoker, % | 56.8 | 33.8 | .002 | 55.0 | 37.4 | .002 | 45.7 | 37.0 | .18 |
| BMI (25th, 75th percentile) | 24.8 (21.6, 29.9) | 25.6 (23.2, 29.4) | .45 | 25.2 (22.4, 28.7) | 25.6 (23.2, 29.6) | .15 | 25.3 (22.1, 28.3) | 25.4 (23.0, 28.8) | .67 |
| Diabetes, % | 23.0 | 13.5 | .08 | 19.2 | 9.2 | .01 | 9.9 | 10.5 | .88 |
| Blood pressure–lowering drugs, % | 37.8 | 24.3 | .04 | 43.3 | 32.4 | .04 | 28.4 | 20.4 | .16 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, % | 16.2 | 23.0 | .22 | 27.5 | 24.4 | .50 | 21.0 | 16.7 | .42 |
| Prior CVD, % | 14.9 | 3.4 | .006 | 13.3 | 5.5 | .01 | 8.6 | 3.1 | .08 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)/HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) (25th, 75th percentile) | 4.5 (3.5, 6.1) | 4.8 (3.6, 5.8) | .58 | 5.1 (3.9, 6.8) | 4.5 (3.5, 5.6) | .01 | 4.9 (3.7, 6.6) | 4.7 (3.5, 5.9) | .10 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) (25th, 75th percentile) | 100 (72, 132) | 107 (88, 139) | .04 | 108 (83, 150) | 111 (93, 136) | .73 | 106 (88, 129) | 112 (90, 137) | .56 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (25th, 75th percentile) | 169 (110, 305) | 200 (120, 300) | .51 | 193 (140, 305) | 180 (124, 289) | .68 | 196 (128, 272) | 165 (128, 262) | .19 |
| Drug conservation arm, % | 62.2 | 58.8 | .63 | 62.5 | 47.5 | .01 | 79.0 | 47.5 | <.001 |
| Biomarkers | |||||||||
| LPS, pg/mL (25th, 75th percentile) | 32.7 (24.7, 42.9) | 32.6 (24.2, 47.9) | .76 | 32.7 (23.7, 47.4) | 34.0 (25.8, 45.0) | .62 | 35.9 (22.4, 52.3) | 31.2 (23.3, 43.6) | .40 |
| 16S rDNA level, copies/μL (25th, 75th percentile) | 7.70 (2.6, 34.3) | 7.62 (3.9, 12.7) | .56 | 7.45 (2.65, 14.15) | 8.00 (4.06, 13.88) | .33 | 9.72 (3.97, 16.91) | 7.85 (3.45, 14.0) | .15 |
| sCD14 level, ×106 pg/mL (25th, 75th percentile) | 2.47 (2.19, 2.91) | 2.23 (2.01, 2.63) | <.001 | 2.44 (2.10, 2.79) | 2.33 (2.01, 2.67) | .11 | 2.38 (2.14, 2.70) | 2.31 (2.05, 2.68) | .43 |
| EndoCAb level, MMU/mL (25th, 75th percentile) | 128.1 (56.1, 177.2) | 115.1 (54.0, 168.6) | .54 | 104.6 (37.0, 160.7) | 118.9 (50.4, 171.2) | .19 | 112.5 (71.9, 180.7) | 134.0 (79.6, 190.3) | .48 |
| I-FABP level, pg/mL (25th, 75th percentile) | 174.4 (20.0, 520.7) | 72.3 (20.0, 345.4) | .10 | 149.7 (20.0, 447.2) | 140.7 (20.0, 405.8) | .53 | 175.3 (20.0, 396.0) | 113.5 (20.0, 478.0) | .55 |
NOTE. Median values are reported, unless otherwise indicated. ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EndoCAb, endotoxin core antibody; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; rDNA, ribosomal DNA; Ref, reference; sCD14, soluble CD14.