Table 2.

Increased Mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Subjects with High Baseline sCD14 Levels

		25th – 49th Percentile		50th – 74th Percentile		≥74th Percentile
Biomarker	<25th Percentile(Reference)	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
sCD14 (×106 pg/mL)
N (case patients/control subjects)	10/46	16/39		21/35		27/28
Univariate	1.0	2.1 (0.8–5.7)	.12	3.3 (1.3– 8.6)	.01	6.0 (2.2–16.1)	<.001
Adjusted—risk factorsa	1.0	2.8 (0.8–10.0)	.10	2.7 (.8–9.0)	.11	8.0 (2.0–31.9)	.003
Adjusted—inflammationb	1.0	2.3 (0.7–8.1)	.18	2.9 (.9–9.4)	.07	4.1 (1.2–13.9)	.02
LPS, pg/mL
N (case patients/control subjects)	0	20/35		22/34		15/40
Univariate	1.0	1.5 (0.6–3.5)	.39	1.6 (.7–3.7)	.25	0.9 (0.4–1.9)	.76
Adjusted—risk factorsa	1.0	1.1 (0.4–3.1)	.82	1.3 (.5–3.5)	.63	0.4 (0.2–1.2)	.11
Adjusted—inflammationb	1.0	1.5 (0.5–4.7)	.45	1.4 (.5–4.4)	.55	1.2 (0.4–3.2)	.78
I-FABP, pg/mL
N (case patients/control subjects)	23/59	9/20		19/36		23/32
Univariate	1.0	1.1 (0.5–2.7)	.79	1.4 (.6–2.9)	.42	1.8 (0.9–3.7)	.10
Adjusted—risk factorsa	1.0	1.2 (0.4–3.6)	.80	2.2 (.8–5.9)	.12	1.8 (0.7–4.4)	.20
Adjusted—inflammationb	1.0	1.5 (0.5–4.5)	.44	1.7 (.6–4.7)	.29	1.5 (0.6–3.9)	.38
16S rDNA, copies/μL
N (case patients/control subjects)	24/32	13/42		16/39		21/34
Univariate	1.0	0.4 (0.2–0.9)	.03	0.5 (.2–1.2)	.12	0.7 (0.3–1.7)	.45
Adjusted—risk factorsa	1.0	0.2 (0.1–0.7)	.01	0.4 (.1–1.3)	.12	0.4 (0.1–1.2)	.10
Adjusted—inflammationb	1.0	0.4 (0.1–1.3)	.14	0.5 (.1–1.8)	.28	1.3 (0.4–4.1)	.60
EndoCAb, MMU/mL
N (case patients/control subjects)	18/38	15/40		20/35		21/34
Univariate	1.0	0.8 (0.3–1.9)	.60	1.2 (.5– 2.6)	.67	1.2 (0.5–2.8)	.61
Adjusted—risk factorsa	1.0	0.8 (0.2–2.4)	.64	1.7 (.6–4.8)	.29	1.3 (0.4–4.2)	.62
Adjusted—inflammationb	1.0	1.1 (0.4–3.3)	.82	0.8 (.3–2.1)	.65	1.4 (0.5–4.0)	.48

NOTE. Median values are reported, unless otherwise indicated. Biomarkers other than sCD14 level did not significantly increase the risk of death. Percentile cutoff points are LPS: <24.2, 24.2–32.5, 32.6–45.0, >45.0; sCD14: <2.10, 2.10–2.31, 2.31–2.72, >2.72; I-FABP: <22.7, 22.7–107.8, 107.9–377.0, >378.0; 16S rDNA: <3.4, 3.4–7.6, 7.7–13.2, >13.2; EndoCAb: <56.0, 56.0–123.0, 124–170.0, >170.0. EndoCAb, endotoxin core antibody; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OR, odds ratio; rDNA, ribosomal DNA; SAA, serum amyloid A; sCD14, soluble CD14.

^aRisk factors include age, race (black vs other), use of ART and human immunodeficiency virus RNA level (no ART, ART and ≤400 copies/mL, ART and >400 copies/mL), CD4+ cell count, smoking status, body mass index, prior cardiovascular disease, diabetes, use of blood pressure medication, use of lipid lowering medication, total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus co-infection, and treatment group (viral suppression or drug conservation).

^bMarkers of inflammation (and coagulation) include IL-6, hsCRP, SAA and D-dimer.