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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 5.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Liver Dis. 2010 Oct 19;30(4):402–410. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1267540

Figure 2. Activation of TLR9 by apoptotic body engulfment.

Figure 2

The apoptotic bodies contain micronuclei with CpG DNA motifs. Following engulfment, the apoptotic bodies are translocated into an endolysosome. This process triggers TLR9 trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the endolysosome. The lower pH of the endolysosome promotes TLR9 activation. The active receptor complex in stellate cells results in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and collagen I production,60 whereas in Kupffer cells it promotes interleukin-1β, a proinflammatory cytokine, generation 98