Table 4.
Risk Factors for Clinical Malaria Episodes in Infants (n = 997)a
| Univariate Model |
Multivariate Model |
||||||
| Risk Factor | OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | |
| Maternal HIV test | .030 | .017 | |||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Positive | 0.56 | (0.34–0.93) | .50 | (0.30–0.85) | |||
| Unknownb | 0.61 | (0.35–1.10) | 0.62 | (0.35–1.10) | |||
| Any malaria episodes during pregnancy | .001 | .016 | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 2.40 | (1.45–3.98) | 1.96 | (1.13–3.41) | |||
| Maternal mid–upper arm circumference | .028 | .008 | |||||
| >22 cm | 1 | 1 | |||||
| ≤22 cm | 1.21 | (0.34–4.30) | 1.40 | (0.37–5.31) | |||
| Unknown | 0.50 | (0.29–0.83) | 0.43 | (0.25–0.74) | |||
| Placental malariac | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| Not infected | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Past infection | 3.43 | (2.20–5.33) | 3.06 | (1.94–4.82) | |||
| Acute infection | 4.20 | (1.94–9.12) | 4.63 | (2.10–10.24) | |||
| Chronic infection | 3.82 | (2.06–7.08) | 3.95 | (2.07–7.55) | |||
| Unknown | 0.90 | (0.42–1.93) | 0.88 | (0.41–1.92) | |||
| Gravidity | .199 | … | |||||
| Primigravid | 1 | … | … | ||||
| 1–3 pregnancies | 0.71 | (0.46–1.09) | … | … | |||
| ≥4 pregnancies | 0.70 | (0.45–1.09) | … | … | |||
| Intervention group | .166 | … | |||||
| Placebo | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine | 1.28 | (0.90–1.83) | … | … | |||
| Rapid plasma reagin syphilis test | .551 | … | |||||
| Positive | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Negative | 1.17 | (0.69–1.99) | … | … | |||
| Literacy | .608 | … | |||||
| Able to read and/or write | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Unable to read or write | 1.10 | (0.77–1.58) | … | … | |||
| Sex of newborn | .288 | … | |||||
| Male | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Female | 1.21 | (0.85–1.72) | … | … | |||
| Premature delivery | .380 | … | |||||
| No | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Yes | 0.81 | (0.31-2.10) | … | … | |||
| Unknown | 0.49 | (0.17–1.39) | … | … | |||
| Low birth weight | .581 | … | |||||
| No | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Yes | 1.16 | (0.68–1.96) | … | … | |||
| Fetal anemia (hematocrit, <37%) | .019 | … | |||||
| No | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Yes | 0.88 | (0.44–1.77) | … | … | |||
| Unknown | 0.41 | (0.22–0.76) | … | … | |||
| Cord blood parasitemia | .020 | … | |||||
| No | 1 | … | … | ||||
| Yes | 0.66 | (0.08–5.29) | … | … | |||
| Unknown | 0.42 | (0.23–0.77) | … | … | |||
NOTE.
a
Factors included in the models are those shown in Table 1 and Table 2. CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio.
b
Refused voluntary counseling and testing.
c
Past infection was defined as the presence of malaria pigment but not parasites; acute infection, the presence of malaria parasites and minimal pigment; and chronic infection, the presence of malaria parasites and pigment.