Table 3.

Association between the ACE D/I polymorphism and migraine, heterogeneity, and publication bias (references are the same for additive, dominant, and recessive models and are only given for the additive models)

Any migraine
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Heterogeneity				Publication Bias
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Q	df	p-value	I² in %	p-value Begg	p-value Egger
additive	All ¹¹–¹⁵, ¹⁷–¹⁹	8	0.93 (0.86–1.02)	10.0	7	0.19	30	0.05	0.08
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	1.0	2	0.6	0	0.12	0.25
	Turkish ¹², ¹⁷	2	0.88 (0.66–1.17)	2.1	1	0.15	52	0.32	----
	Asian ¹⁴, ¹⁵	2	0.88 (0.60–1.30)	4.0	1	0.05	75	0.32	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.82 (0.57–1.17)	----	----	----	----	----	----
dominant	All ¹¹–¹⁵, ¹⁷–¹⁹	8	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	4.7	7	0.70	0	0.01	0.12
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	1.01 (0.95–1.09)	0.001	2	1	0	0.60	0.33
	Turkish ¹², ¹⁷	2	0.96 (0.73–1.28)	0.02	1	0.88	0	0.32	----
	Asian ¹⁴, ¹⁵	2	0.80 (0.49–1.32)	1.8	1	0.18	45	0.32	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.64 (0.30–1.38)	----	----	----	----	----	----
recessive	All ¹¹–¹⁵, ¹⁷–¹⁹	8	0.83 (0.69–1.01)	16.7	7	0.02	58	0.05	0.12
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	0.88 (0.72–1.08)	3.6	2	0.17	44	0.12	0.27
	Turkish ¹², ¹⁷	2	0.62 (0.20–1.88)	7.4	1	0.006	87	0.32	----
	Asian ¹⁴, ¹⁵	2	0.88 (0.53–1.48)	3.5	1	0.06	71	0.32	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.84 (0.53–1.35)	----	----	----	----	----	----
Migraine with aura
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Heterogeneity				Publication Bias
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Q	df	p-value	I² in %	p-value Begg	p-value Egger
additive	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	6	0.82 (0.69–0.98)	11.8	5	0.04	58	0.02	0.02
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	0.97 (0.90–1.04)	1.01	2	0.60	0	0.12	0.23
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.75 (0.50–1.15)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.55 (0.36–0.84)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.63 (0.40–1.00)	----	----	----	----	----	----
dominant	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	6	0.86 (0.67–1.11)	9.6	5	0.09	48	0.04	0.1
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	1.02 (0.91–1.14)	0.07	2	0.97	0	0.60	0.91
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.85 (0.48–1.54)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.41 (0.20–0.84)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.44 (0.19–1.06)	----	----	----	----	----	----
recessive	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	6	0.71 (0.55–0.93)	9.2	5	0.10	45	0.04	0.001
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	3	0.85 (0.68–1.06)	2.8	2	0.25	28	0.12	0.17
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.41 (0.15–1.08)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.49 (0.26–0.95)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.64 (0.34–1.18)	----	----	----	----	----	----
Migraine without aura
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Heterogeneity				Publication Bias
Genetic model	Population	No of studies	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Q	df	p-value	I² in %	p-value Begg	p-value Egger
additive	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	7	0.92 (0.86–1.00)	6.5	6	0.37	8	0.88	0.17
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	4	0.92 (0.82–1.03)	4.3	3	0.23	31	0.17	0.44
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.77 (0.55–1.09)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.82 (0.60–1.12)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	1.01 (0.66–1.57)	----	----	----	----	----	----
dominant	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	7	0.95 (0.87–1.04)	5.6	6	0.47	0	0.45	0.46
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	4	0.91 (0.74–1.11)	5.2	3	0.16	42	1.0	0.65
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.96 (0.60–1.55)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.77 (0.42–1.44)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	0.94 (0.36–2.50)	----	----	----	----	----	----
recessive	All ¹¹–¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	7	0.84 (0.70–0.99)	8.0	6	0.24	25	0.01	0.13
	Caucasian ¹³, ¹⁶, ¹⁸, ¹⁹	4	0.90 (0.81–1.00)	1.9	3	0.60	0	0.04	0.26
	Turkish ¹²	1	0.35 (0.16–0.77)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Asian ¹⁵	1	0.77 (0.49–1.20)	----	----	----	----	----	----
	Indian ¹¹	1	1.04 (0.60–1.80)	----	----	----	----	----	----