Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of the patients.

Subjects (n)	30*
Sex
Male	27
Female	3
Age (years)
mean	72.2
range	44–86
Smoke†
NS	4
FS	8
S	18
Occupational exposure‡
yes	19
no	11
Stage
Ta	1
T1	12
T1a	4
T1b	1
T2	2
T2a	1
T2b	5
T2+in situ	3
T3a	1
Grade (WHO 1973)
I	0
II	10
III	20
Grade (WHO/ISUP 2004)
Low	8
High	22

*30 TCCs and 30 adjacent normal tissue.

^†NS, non-smoker; FS, former smoker; S, smoker.

^‡Exposure to chemicals, paints, pesticides, petroleum, ink, etc.