Table 3.
Literature review of reported series of patients requiring conversion to open cholecystectomy.
| First author | Year | No. of patients with attempted converted to LC, n | No. of patients OC, n (%) | Conversion rate by gender, male/female, % | Rate of acute operation in conversion to OC, n (%) | Presence of previous Main reason for conversion upper abdominal surgery, n (%) | |
| Pavlidis (14) | 2007 | 1263 | 98 (7.7) | 11.6 / 6.3 | 20 (20.4) ≠ | 0∝ | Unclear anatomy due to previous inflammation |
| Shamiyeh (15) | 2007 | 4505 | 245 (5.4) | 9.1 / 3.9 | 178 (73) | 83 (36) | Acute cholecystitis |
| Georgiades (12) | 2008 | 2184 | 110 (5) | 6.5 / 4.3 | 51 (46.4)≠ | 31 (28) | Presence of inflammation |
| Zhang (9) | 2008 | 1265 | 94 (7.4) | 11.6 / 5.3 | 39 (42) | 22 (23.4) | Inability to correctly identify anatomy |
| Ballal (10)* | 2009 | 39418 | 2036 (5.2) | 9.8 / 3.8 | 422 (20.7)‡ | ND | Emergency admission and increased disease severity |
| Avgerinos (11) | 2009 | 1046 | 27 (2.6) | ND | 9 (33.3) | 3 (11.1) | Hemorrhage in the surgical field |
| Ghnman (13) | 2010 | 340 | 17 (5) | 46 / 1.6 | 10 (58.8) | ND | Unclear anatomy (acute cholecystitis) |
| Ercan (16) | 2010 | 2015 | 101 (5) | 6.4 / 4.3 | ND | 23 (22.7) | Intra-abdominal and perihepatic adhesions |
ND: No data, OC: Open cholecystectomy.
*
Multicenter study.
‡
Defined only as “emergency admission”; no data related to acute operation were included.
≠
Defined only as “with inflammation”; no data related to acute operation were included.
∝
All patients with previous upper abdominal surgery were excluded from laparoscopic procedures.