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Published in final edited form as: Pharm Res. 2010 Nov 23;28(2):237–259. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0318-0

Polymeric nanoparticles are shown as representative nanocarriers (circles). Passive tissue targeting is achieved by extravasation of nanoparticles through increased permeability of the tumour vasculature and ineffective lymphatic drainage (EPR effect). Active cellular targeting (inset) can be achieved by functionalizing the surface of nanoparticles with ligands that promote cell-specific recognition and binding. The nanoparticles can (i) release their contents in close proximity to the target cells; (ii) attach to the membrane of the cell and act as an extracellular sustained-release drug depot; or (iii) internalize into the cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref [73], Langer et al. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nature Nanotechnology 2, 751 (2007). © 2010 Nature Publishing Group.

Figure 4A: In vivo targeting of the nanoconjugate and its therapeutic efficacy. A, the quantification of the amount of gold taken up by the tumor, kidney, and liver under different treatment groups (n = 3). A comparative bioluminescence image from the mice treated with a mixture of C225 and gemcitabine (C225 + Gem; B) or Au-C225-Gem (C) i.p. (n = 10). D, effect of different treatment groups on tumor growth inhibition in vivo (left). Tumor volume was measured after sacrificing the mice at the end of the experiment. Right, plasma concentration of gold over time determined by ICP analysis. Blood samples were collected from the mice under isoflurane anesthesia at different time points in heparinized tubes containing tetrahydrouridine to prevent gemcitabine degradation by cytidine deaminase after i.v. drug administration. Reprinted with permission from Ref [76], Patra et al., Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Res. 68, 1970 (2008). Copyright © 2008, American Association for Cancer Research.

Polymeric nanoparticles are shown as representative nanocarriers (circles). Passive tissue targeting is achieved by extravasation of nanoparticles through increased permeability of the tumour vasculature and ineffective lymphatic drainage (EPR effect). Active cellular targeting (inset) can be achieved by functionalizing the surface of nanoparticles with ligands that promote cell-specific recognition and binding. The nanoparticles can (i) release their contents in close proximity to the target cells; (ii) attach to the membrane of the cell and act as an extracellular sustained-release drug depot; or (iii) internalize into the cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref [73], Langer et al. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nature Nanotechnology 2, 751 (2007). © 2010 Nature Publishing Group.

Figure 4A: In vivo targeting of the nanoconjugate and its therapeutic efficacy. A, the quantification of the amount of gold taken up by the tumor, kidney, and liver under different treatment groups (n = 3). A comparative bioluminescence image from the mice treated with a mixture of C225 and gemcitabine (C225 + Gem; B) or Au-C225-Gem (C) i.p. (n = 10). D, effect of different treatment groups on tumor growth inhibition in vivo (left). Tumor volume was measured after sacrificing the mice at the end of the experiment. Right, plasma concentration of gold over time determined by ICP analysis. Blood samples were collected from the mice under isoflurane anesthesia at different time points in heparinized tubes containing tetrahydrouridine to prevent gemcitabine degradation by cytidine deaminase after i.v. drug administration. Reprinted with permission from Ref [76], Patra et al., Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Res. 68, 1970 (2008). Copyright © 2008, American Association for Cancer Research.