Table 2.
Intrapersonal, medication- and seizure-associated risk factors for migraine, MO, MA and TTH
| Migraine versus no migraine | Tension-type headache versus no tension-type headache | Migraine without aura versus no migraine | Migraine with aura versus no migraine | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 31) | No (n = 44) | p | RR | Yes (n = 30) | No (n = 45) | p | RR | Yes (n = 20) | No (n = 44) | p | RR | Yes (n = 11) | No (n = 44) | p | RR | |
| Female gender | 23 | 20 | 0.01* | 1.6 | 20 | 23 | 0.18 | 15 | 20 | 0.03* | 1.7 | 8 | 20 | 0.18 | ||
| Family history of migraine | 10 | 8 | 0.16 | 8 | 10 | 0.66 | 6 | 8 | 0.29 | 4 | 8 | 0.23 | ||||
| First degree relative | 7 | 3 | 0.08 | 6 | 4 | 0.19 | 3 | 3 | 0.37 | 4 | 3 | 0.02* | 5.3 | |||
| Medication | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-opioid pain medication | 19 | 14 | 0.01* | 1.9 | 18 | 15 | 0.02* | 1.8 | 13 | 14 | 0.01* | 2.0 | 6 | 14 | 0.16 | |
| Triptans | 2 | 0 | 0.17 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | 2 | 0 | 0.04* | n.a | |||
| Seizures | ||||||||||||||||
| Absence <1 month | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| Absence >1 per month | 6 | 2 | 0.06 | 6 | 2 | 0.05 | 5 | 2 | 0.03* | 5.5 | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | |||
| GTC <1 month | 3 | 6 | 0.73 | 4 | 5 | 1.00 | 2 | 6 | 1.00 | 1 | 6 | 1.00 | ||||
| GTC >1 per month | 6 | 1 | 0.02* | 8.5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.09 | 3 | 1 | 0.02* | 12.0 | ||
Only relevant data are shown (no correlation was found for age, family history of JME, the intake of migraine prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs, valproic acid, topiramate, beta blockers, or antidepressants, and the absence of seizures, in general, or the presence of myoclonic jerks). Statistics: Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test (in case of expected values < 5), two-sample t test, * p < 0.05
GTC generalized tonic-clonic seizure, RR relative risk