Table 3.
The risk of self-reported migraine, MA and MO by lifestyle and socioeconomic factors in all subjects
| Migraine | MA | MO | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
| School levelb | ||||||
| Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Graduated 9th grade | 1.17 (1.11–1.25) | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.20 (1.12–1.29) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) |
| Not graduated 9th grade | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Higher education ≤4 years | 1.55 (1.40–1.73) | 1.35 (1.19–1.52) | 1.35 (1.16–1.56) | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 1.72 (1.50–1.97) | 1.44 (1.24–1.69) |
| Vocatinal education | 1.43 (1.29–1.58) | 1.22 (1.07–1.38) | 1.19 (1.03–1.38) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) | 1.62 (1.42–1.85) | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) |
| No education | 1.47 (1.31–1.65) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) | 1.30 (1.08–1.56) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Self-employed | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) |
| Homemaker | 1.39 (1.20–1.62) | 1.17 (0.96–1.41) | 1.37 (1.10–1.70) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) |
| Retired | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | 1.46 (1.27–1.67) | 1.39 (1.15–1.69) | 1.09 (0.97–1.24) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
| Student | 0.79 (0.72–0.88) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.74 (0.66–0.84) | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) |
| Unemployed | 1.36 (1.14–1.63) | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 1.74 (1.38–2.20) | 1.61 (1.22–2.12) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
| Physical work load | ||||||
| Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Seated/standing or walking | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
| Heavy physical work | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) |
| Recreational physical activity | ||||||
| No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Light physical exercise | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) |
| Heavy physical exercise | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.73 (0.66–0.81) | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.40 (1.19–1.65) | 1.25 (1.03–1.53) | 1.42 (1.13–1.78) | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | 1.39 (1.15–1.69) | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) |
| Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Overweight | 0.86 (0.81–0.92) | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
| Obese class I–III | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Former smoker | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.10 (1.02–1.20) | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) |
| Current smoker | 1.14 (1.07–1.20) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Monthly | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.65 (0.58–0.72) | 0.66 (0.58–0.76) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) |
| Weekly | 0.57 (0.53–0.60) | 0.55 (0.51–0.60) | 0.51 (0.47–0.56) | 0.51 (0.45–0.57) | 0.61 (0.56–0.65) | 0.59 (0.53–0.65) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Marriedc | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) |
All significant values are marked with bold text
aOdds ratio adjusted for all other determinants and age
bAdjusted for all other determinants except educational level
cIncluding couples living together