Table 4.
Risk of self reported migraine, MA and MO by lifestyle and socioeconomic factors in women and men
| Migraine | MA | MO | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
| Women | ||||||
| School levelb | ||||||
| Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Graduated 9th grade | 1.25 (1.17–1.35) | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 1.24 (1.14–1.36) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) |
| Not graduated 9th grade | 1.26 (1.15–1.39) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 1.31 (1.17–1.47) | 1.07 (0.90–1.29) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Higher education ≤4 years | 1.42 (1.23–1.63) | 1.26 (1.07–1.50) | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 1.61 (1.34–1.94) | 1.39 (1.13–1.72) |
| Vocatinal education | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 1.23 (1.02–1.50) | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 1.60 (1.33–1.91) | 1.28 (1.03–1.60) |
| No education | 1.37 (1.18–1.60) | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 1.55 (1.28–1.88) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) |
| Occupational status | ||||||
| Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Self-employed | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 0.94 (0.70–1.28) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) |
| Homemaker | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.88 (0.72–1.06) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
| Retired | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.12 (0.94–1.33) | 1.40 (1.19–1.64) | 1.33 (1.05–1.68) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.98 (0.78–1.21) |
| Student | 0.69 (0.62–0.78) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) |
| Unemployed | 1.25 (1.01–1.54) | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) | 1.61 (1.23–2.09) | 1.60 (1.17–2.20) | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) |
| Physical work load | ||||||
| Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Seated/standing or walking | 1.20 (1.12–1.30) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
| Heavy physical work | 1.54 (1.31–1.81) | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 1.57 (1.26–1.96) | 1.36 (1.02–1.81) | 1.52 (1.25–1.84) | 1.24 (0.96–1.58) |
| Recreational physical activity | ||||||
| No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Light physical exercise | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) |
| Heavy physical exercise | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) | 0.81 (0.71–0.93) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.13 (0.88–1.43) | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) |
| Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Overweight | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) |
| Obese class I–III | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 1.35 (1.16–1.56) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Former smoker | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) |
| Current smoker | 1.17 (1.09–1.26) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 1.21 (1.09–1.34) | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 1.14 (1.05–1.25) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Monthly | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | 0.68 (0.60–0.77) | 0.72 (0.61–0.84) | 0.79 (0.72–0.88) | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) |
| Weekly | 0.72 (0.66–0.77) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | 0.67 (0.60–0.74) | 0.63 (0.55–0.72) | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) | 0.73 (0.64–0.82) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Marriedc | 1.13 (1.06–1.22) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
| Men | ||||||
| School levelb | ||||||
| Graduated 12th grade | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Graduated 9th grade | 1.27 (1.14–1.42) | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) | 1.36 (1.19–1.55) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) |
| Not graduated 9th grade | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 1.42 (1.23–1.64) | 1.31 (1.06–1.60) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Higher education >4 years | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Higher education ≤4 years | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.00 (0.75–1.35) | 1.33 (1.08–1.63) | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) |
| Vocatinal education | 1.24 (1.07–1.45) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 1.48 (1.22–1.78) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
| No education | 1.09 (0.90–1.31) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.05 (0.79–1.41) |
| Occupational status | ||||||
| Employed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Self-employed | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.97 (0.80–1.19) |
| Homemakerd | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Retired | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 1.31 (1.00–1.71) | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.11 (0.84–1.48) |
| Student | 0.69 (0.62–0.78) | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | 0.80 (0.59–1.10) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) | 0.72 (0.56–0.91) | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) |
| Unemployed | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) | 1.18 (0.67–2.09) | 1.10 (0.57–2.11) | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) |
| Physical work load | ||||||
| Mainly seated | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Seated/standing or walking | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) |
| Heavy physical work | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.81 (0.63–1.06) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 1.28 (1.07–1.53) | 1.08 (0.86–1.37) |
| Recreational physical activity | ||||||
| No physical exercise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Light physical exercise | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |
| Heavy physical exercise | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | 1.35 (0.62–2.94) | 1.83 (0.82–4.10) | 0.89 (0.45–1.79) | 0.85 (0.36–2.00) |
| Normal weight | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Overweight | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) |
| Obese class I–III | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Former smoker | 1.16 (1.04–1.31) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 1.15 (1.00–1.31) | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) |
| Current smoker | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.21 (1.02–1.42) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never/seldom | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Monthly | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.73 (0.57–0.94) | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) |
| Weekly | 0.69 (0.61–0.78) | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | 0.66 (0.54–0.80) | 0.67 (0.52–0.86) | 0.71 (0.61–0.82) | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Marriedc | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.00 (0.85–1.16) |
All significant values are marked with bold text
aOdds ratio adjusted for all other determinants and age
bAdjusted for all other determinants except educational level
cIncluding couples living together
dThe number in this category was negligible and excluded from the logistic regression model