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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 8.
Published in final edited form as: Emot Rev. 2011 Jan;3(1):8–16. doi: 10.1177/1754073910380974

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Perspectives on emotion can be loosely arranged along a continuum. We have populated this continuum with representative theorists/researchers drawn from the field of psychology. We distinguish four “zones”: (1) basic emotion, in red, e.g., Panksepp (1998), MacDougall (1908/1921), Buck (1999), Davis (1992), LeDoux (2000), Watson (1919), Tomkins (1962, 1963), Ekman (1972), Izard, (1993), Levenson (1994), and Damasio (1999); (2) appraisal, in yellow, e.g., Arnold (1960a, 1960b), Roseman (1991), Lazarus (1991), Frijda (1986), Scherer (1984), Smith and Ellsworth (1985), Leventhal, (1984), and Clore and Ortony (2008); (3) psychological construction, in green, e.g., Wundt (1897/1998), Barrett (2009), Harlow & Stagner (1933), Mandler (1975), Schachter and Singer (1962), Duffy (1941); Russell (2003), Davidson (1992), Lang (2010), and James (1884); (4) social construction, in blue, e.g., Solomon (2003), Mesquita (2010), Averill (1980), and Harre (1986). Given space constraints, as well as the goals of this article, we have limited ourselves to a subset of the many theorists/researchers who might have been included on this continuum (e.g., those who only study one aspect of emotion were not included in this figure).