Table 14.

Summary of multilevel and logistic regression modeling on blood pressure (systolic and diastolic, SBP and DBP) and total cardiovascular risk (TCVR) outcomes (any occurrence across all studies) (apparent paradoxical results omitted – see Table 13)¹

	Blood pressure					TCVR
	BP values at 90 days		Achieving BP control at 90 days			Improvement	Achieving
	SBP	DBP	SBP	DBP	SBP/DBP	In score	Improvement
Patient-related variables
Demographics
Age	−	+	−	+	−		+
Male gender		−	+		+		+
Female gender						+
Blood pressure
SBP at initial diagnosis of hypertension	−		−		−	−
SBP at baseline	−		−		−	−
Controlled SBP at baseline			+
DBP at initial diagnosis of hypertension		−		−
DBP at baseline		−
Controlled DBP at baseline				+
Uncontrolled DBP at baseline				−
Controlled SBP and DBP at baseline					+		+
Risk factors: general
Conditions and risk factors: no pre-existing			+	+	+	+	+
Highly vulnerable to uncontrolled hypertension cluster	−	−	−	−	−
Risk factors: metabolic
Diabetes	−		−	−	+
Conditions and risk factors: diabetes				−	−	−	−
Retinopathy	−
Obesity		−		−
Risk factors: cardiovascular
Conditions and risk factors: myocardial infarction					−
Risk factors: lipids
Hypercholesterolemia			−		−
Total cholesterol at baseline	−
Conditions and risk factors: dyslipidemia						−	−
Risk factors: lifestyle
Conditions and risk factors: smoker	-		−
Total cardiovascular risk
Low added risk						+
Moderate added risk				−		+	+
High added risk			+	−	−	+	+
Very high added risk			+	−	−	+	+
Concomitant antihypertensive treatment
ACE inhibitor		+		+
Other concomitant treatment
Lipid-lowering	+
Medication behavior
Nonadherent days in past 4 weeks	−	−	−		−
Patient-reported nonadherence behavior	−	−	−	−	−
Patient-reported adherence behavior		+
Patient-rated adherence	+		+
Physician-rated adherence	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Blood pressure monitoring
Days since last blood pressure measurement		−
Months since last blood pressure measurement		−	−
Physician-related variables
Education
Years since medical school graduation (in practice)	−	−	−	−	−
Experience with hypertension
Hypertensive patients seen in past 12 months	+	+		+	+
Knowledge regarding hypertension management
Correct blood pressure targets for non-diabetic patients			+		+
Evidence-based practice patterns
Self-reported practices consistent with evidence-based guidelines re: SBP threshold for treatment initiation	+		+		+
Self-reported practices consistent with evidence-based guidelines re: SBP threshold for treatment intensification	+		+		+
Self-reported practices consistent with evidence-based guidelines re: DBP threshold for treatment initiation		+		+
Self-reported practices consistent with evidence-based guidelines re: DBP threshold for treatment intensification		+		+
Clinical practice
Visits typically scheduled by physician with newly diagnosed hypertension patient in first 3 months				+
Physician routinely calculates overall cardiovascular risk of patients		+

Notes:

¹Negative impact is denoted by a minus (−) sign: increases BP levels, increases odds of uncontrolled BP, decreases change in TCVR, and decreases odds of achieving a reduction in TCVR. Positive impact is denoted by a plus (+) sign: decreases BP levels, decreases odds of uncontrolled BP, increases change in TCVR, and increases odds of achieving a reduction in TCVR.

Abbreviation: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme.