Table 3.
Admission tourniquet test results for 234 patients with suspected dengue by diagnostic categories
| Diagnosis | Tourniquet testPositive/total (%, 95% CI) |
|---|---|
| DF (WHO 1997) | 33/101 (32.7, 23.5–41.8) |
| DHF (WHO 1997) | 24/66 (36.4, 24.7–48.0) |
| Unclassifiable (WHO 1997) | 1/3 (33.3, −20–86.7) |
| Dengue (WHO 2009) | 33/110 (30.0, 21.4–38.6) |
| Dengue with warning signs (WHO 2009) | 25/60 (41.7, 29.2–54.1) |
| Primary dengue | 16/63 (25.4, 14.6–36.1) |
| Secondary dengue | 42/107 (39.2, 30.0–48.5) |
| Not dengue infection | 10/64 (15.6, 6.7–24.5) |
| All typhus | 2/40 (5, −1.7–11.7) |
| Scrub typhus | 2/25 (8, −2.6–18.6) |
| Total | 68/234 (29.1, 23.2–34.9) |
Dengue fever (DF) was defined as fever with two or more of the following: headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, and haemorrhagic manifestations (skin petechiae, bruising, mucosal/gastrointestinal bleeding) and positive serology.
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) was defined as the above DF symptoms and signs plus spontaneous bleeding (petechiae, ecchymoses or purpura, bleeding from mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, injection sites or other sites, haematemesis or melaena), platelet count <100 000 mm3, haemoconcentration, plasma leakage (pleural effusions, ascites or hypoproteinaemia) plus positive serology. Dengue shock syndrome was defined as a combination of criteria of DHF with signs of circulatory failure (rapid and weak pulse, narrow pulse pressure (≤20 mmHg) or hypotension for age (systolic <90 mmHg), cold and clammy skin and restlessness plus positive serology. Patients who did not have all criteria for DHF, but had positive serology, were classified as DF. Patients with negative serology were considered not to have dengue infection.
Dengue without warning signs was defined as fever with two or more of the following: nausea or vomiting, rash, muscle ache and pains, and leukopenia.
Dengue with warning signs was defined as the above dengue without warning signs plus any of the following: abdominal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, clinical fluid accumulation, mucosal bleed, lethargy or restlessness, liver enlargement >2 cm and increased haematocrit concurrent with rapid decrease in platelet count.