Table 3.
Health-Related Quality of Life Indicators for Women Aged 40-64 Years (N = 11,887), California Health Interview Survey, 2005
| Characteristic | Mean Physically Unhealthy Days, PM (95% CI)a | Mean Mentally Unhealthy Days, PM (95% CI)a | Mean Recent Activity Limitation Days, PM (95% CI)a | Mean Overall Unhealthy Days, PM (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Latina | 4.1 (3.5-4.6) | 4.5 (3.9-5.1) | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | 7.5 (6.9-8.2) |
| Asian | 3.7 (3.0-4.5) | 4.5 (3.8-5.2) | 1.8 (1.3-2.2) | 7.1 (6.3-7.9) |
| African American | 4.7 (3.9-5.5) | 4.8 (3.9-5.7) | 2.9 (2.2-3.6) | 8.3 (7.3-9.4) |
| White | 5.7 (5.3-6.0) | 5.6 (5.3-5.9) | 3.1 (2.9-3.3) | 9.5 (9.1-9.9) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 4.9 (4.6-5.1) | 4.8 (4.5-5.1) | 2.4 (2.2-2.6) | 8.3 (8.0-8.7) |
| Widowed, separated, divorced, or living with partner | 5.4 (5.0-5.7) | 5.9 (5.5-6.3) | 3.0 (2.6-3.3) | 9.4 (8.9-9.8) |
| Never married | 5.2 (4.5-5.8) | 5.5 (4.8-6.2) | 2.9 (2.5-3.3) | 9.2 (8.4-10.0) |
| Place of birth | ||||
| United States | 5.1 (4.8-5.4) | 5.6 (5.3-5.9) | 2.8 (2.6-3.0) | 9.1 (8.7-9.5) |
| Outside United States | 4.9 (4.5-5.3) | 4.2 (3.8-4.7) | 2.1 (1.8-2.5) | 7.9 (7.4-8.4) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Large city | 5.1 (4.7-5.4) | 5.2 (4.8-5.5) | 2.6 (2.3-2.8) | 8.9 (8.4-9.3) |
| Small city | 4.9 (4.4-5.3) | 5.2 (4.8-5.6) | 2.7 (2.3-3.0) | 8.5 (8.0-8.9) |
| Suburban area | 5.1 (4.7-5.6) | 5.1 (4.6-5.6) | 2.4 (2.2-2.7) | 8.8 (8.2-9.4) |
| Town or rural area | 5.0 (4.5-5.5) | 5.2 (4.7-5.7) | 2.8 (2.4-3.2) | 8.4 (7.8-9.1) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school graduate | 4.5 (3.6-5.3) | 5.1 (4.2-6.1) | 1.9 (1.3-2.5) | 8.1 (7.2-9.1) |
| High school graduate, no college | 4.7 (4.3-5.0) | 5.3 (4.8-5.8) | 2.3 (2.0-2.6) | 8.6 (8.0-9.1) |
| Some college | 5.4 (5.0-5.8) | 5.4 (5.0-5.8) | 2.9 (2.6-3.2) | 9.3 (8.8-9.8) |
| College graduate | 5.2 (4.8-5.5) | 4.9 (4.6-5.2) | 2.9 (2.6-3.1) | 8.6 (8.2-9.0) |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 4.5 (4.3-4.8) | 5.1 (4.8-5.4) | 2.0 (1.8-2.2) | 8.3 (8.0-8.7) |
| Unemployed | 6.1 (5.7-6.5) | 5.3 (4.9-5.8) | 3.9 (3.6-4.2) | 9.5 (9.0-10.1) |
| Has health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 5.2 (4.9-5.4) | 5.1 (4.9-5.4) | 2.7 (2.5-2.8) | 8.7 (8.4-9.1) |
| No | 4.1 (3.5-4.8) | 5.5 (4.8-6.1) | 2.2 (1.7-2.7) | 8.5 (7.7-9.3) |
| % Federal poverty level | ||||
| 0-99 | 6.0 (5.0-7.1) | 6.7 (5.6-7.7) | 3.6 (3.0-4.1) | 10.0 (8.9-11.2) |
| 100-199 | 5.1 (4.5-5.8) | 5.3 (4.7-5.9) | 2.7 (2.2-3.2) | 9.1 (8.3-9.8) |
| 200-299 | 4.9 (4.3-5.5) | 5.5 (4.8-6.1) | 2.4 (1.9-2.8) | 8.9 (8.1-9.8) |
| ≥300 | 4.8 (4.6-5.1) | 4.8 (4.5-5.1) | 2.5 (2.2-2.7) | 8.4 (8.0-8.7) |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Regular physical activity | 4.5 (4.2-4.9) | 4.8 (4.4-5.2) | 2.3 (2.0-2.5) | 7.9 (7.5-8.4) |
| Some physical activity | 4.9 (4.6-5.2) | 5.0 (4.7-5.3) | 2.5 (2.3-2.7) | 8.6 (8.3-8.9) |
| Sedentary | 6.9 (6.1-7.6) | 6.9 (6.1-7.7) | 4.0 (3.5-4.6) | 11.1 (10.2-11.9) |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Excellent | 1.5 (1.1-1.8) | 2.9 (2.5-3.2) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 4.1 (3.7-4.5) |
| Very good | 2.5 (2.2-2.7) | 3.9 (3.6-4.2) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 6.0 (5.7-6.4) |
| Good | 4.6 (4.1-5.0) | 5.2 (4.7-5.6) | 2.3 (2.1-2.6) | 8.8 (8.3-9.4) |
| Fair | 10.0 (9.2-10.7) | 7.8 (7.1-8.5) | 5.0 (4.4-5.5) | 14.5 (13.7-15.4) |
| Poor | 19.1 (17.7-20.5) | 12.5 (11.0-14.0) | 10.5 (9.3-11.6) | 22.4 (21.1-23.7) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 (Underweight) | 4.7 (3.8-5.6) | 5.5 (4.4-6.7) | 2.4 (1.5-3.3) | 8.3 (7.1-9.6) |
| 18.5-24.9 (Normal weight) | 4.9 (4.6-5.2) | 5.0 (4.7-5.3) | 2.6 (2.4-2.8) | 8.5 (8.1-8.9) |
| 25.0-29.9 (Overweight) | 5.0 (4.6-5.4) | 5.0 (4.6-5.4) | 2.6 (2.3-2.9) | 8.6 (8.1-9.1) |
| ≥30.0 (Obese) | 5.3 (4.8-5.8) | 5.6 (5.1-6.0) | 2.6 (2.2-3.0) | 9.3 (8.8-9.9) |
| Physical activity level by race | ||||
| Latina | ||||
| Regular physical activity | 3.5 (2.6-4.3) | 3.6 (2.5-4.6) | 1.7 (1.0-2.4) | 6.1 (5.0-7.2) |
| Some physical activity | 4.1 (3.3-4.9) | 4.5 (3.7-5.2) | 1.5 (1.0-1.9) | 7.6 (6.8-8.4) |
| Sedentary | 5.2 (3.3-7.2) | 7.1 (4.6-9.5) | 2.0 (0.8-3.1) | 10.7 (8.2-13.1) |
| Asian | ||||
| Regular physical activity | 3.5 (2.7-4.3) | 4.5 (3.6-5.5) | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | 6.8 (5.6-7.9) |
| Some physical activity | 3.7 (2.7-4.8) | 4.7 (3.9-5.5) | 1.8 (1.2-2.4) | 7.2 (6.2-8.2) |
| Sedentary | 4.4 (2.8-5.9) | 4.0 (2.5-5.4) | 1.6 (0.5-2.7) | 7.3 (5.4-9.2) |
| African American | ||||
| Regular physical activity | 3.8 (2.9-4.6) | 6.9 (5.0-8.8) | 3.0 (1.6-4.4) | 9.2 (7.2-11.2) |
| Some physical activity | 4.9 (3.7-6.1) | 3.5 (2.5-4.5) | 2.5 (1.6-3.4) | 7.6 (6.4-8.9) |
| Sedentary | 5.5 (3.5-7.6) | 6.3 (3.7-8.9) | 4.3 (1.7-6.8) | 9.7 (7.5-11.9) |
| White | ||||
| Regular physical activity | 5.2 (4.7-5.6) | 5.0 (4.6-5.4) | 2.5 (2.2-2.7) | 8.6 (8.1-9.2) |
| Some physical activity | 5.4 (5.1-5.7) | 5.5 (5.1-5.8) | 3.0 (2.7-3.2) | 9.4 (9.0-9.8) |
| Sedentary | 8.1 (7.2-9.0) | 7.6 (6.6-8.6) | 5.3 (4.4-6.1) | 12.2 (11.2-13.2) |
Abbreviations: PM, predicted marginal; CI, confidence interval.
a
PMs are the average values of the health-related quality of life measures in a subgroup adjusted for other variables in the model, and their 95% CIs are based on a weighted analysis to account for complex sample survey design. Days are out of the previous 30 days. Respondents were assigned to racial/ethnic groups on the basis of their responses on the questionnaire and the classification method developed by the University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research (21).