Table 2.
Requirement of GARP for a broad range of cellular processes
| Organisms | Processes | References |
|---|---|---|
| S. cerevisiae | Cell growth and viability | 10,21,44 |
| Transport of Vps10 (vacuolar sorting receptor), Kex2 (dibasic endoprotease), Ste13 (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase A), Snc1 (exocytic v-SNARE) and Sso1 (plasma membrane t-SNARE) from endosomes to the late Golgi complex | 10, 14,15,17,41 | |
| Sorting of hydrolase precursors to the vacuole | 10,14,21,52,76 | |
| Maintenance of vacuole integrity | 10,14,15,21,76 | |
| Pro-α-factor processing | 10,52,76 | |
| Positioning of the mitotic spindle at the neck between mother and daughter cell | 44 | |
| Maintenance of actin cytoskeleton integrity and polarization | 44,46,51,52 | |
| Polarized localization of the unconventional myosin motor protein Myo2 | 44 | |
| Bipolar bud site selection | 54 | |
| Formation of pheromone-induced mating projections (“shmoos”) | 44 | |
| Cell wall composition and integrity | 44,45 | |
| Meiotic progression and spore formation | 55 | |
| Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting | 79 | |
| Autophagy | 46,79 | |
| Maintenance of the mitochondrial tubular network | 46 | |
| Resistance to high concentrations of Zn2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+, to hygromycin B, caffeine, FK506, gentamicin, caspofungin, microtubule-destabilizing and actin- disrupting drugs, to killer toxin 1, and to pH extremes | 21,44,53,80,81,82 | |
| A. thaliana | Embryonic development and viability | 56,57 |
| Gametophyte development | 56,57 | |
| Pollen tube apical growth | 56,57 | |
| Heat and osmotic stress tolerance | 74 | |
| Drosophila | Male fertility | 58 |
| Sperm individualization from syncitial cysts | 58 | |
| Zebrafish | Maintenance of lipid transport and Golgi morphology in the digestive tract | 20 |
| Mammals | Embryonic development and viability | 61 |
| Retrograde transport of CI-MPR (acid hydrolase receptor), TGN46 (TGN protein), Vamp4 (v-SNARE), Syntaxin 6 (t-SNARE) and Shiga toxin B subunit from endosomes to the TGN | 13,18,22,24,34 | |
| Sorting of cathepsin D (acid hydrolase) to lysosomes | 13,18 | |
| Lysosome morphology and function | 13,18 | |
| Motor neuron survival | 61 | |
| Spermiogenesis | 61 | |
| Mitochondrial morphology and function | 83 | |
| Autophagy | 18 | |
| Endosomal cholesterol transport | 18 | |
| Infection of T cells by HIV-1 | 84 |
Most of these requirements were determined in studies of the phenotypes of mutant organisms.