Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the sample by sleep and cognition cohorts. Mean ± standard deviation or n (%) is reported.
| Total Sample (N=280) | +EDS +MCD (n=82) | +EDS no MCD (m=76) | no EDS +MCD (n=59) | no EDS no MCD (n=63) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.9±12.5 | 62.2±12.9 | 59.6±11.8 | 67.3±11.9 | 59.6±11.9 | 0.001 |
| Male | 180 (64.3) | 58 (70.7) | 41 (54.0) | 40 (67.8) | 41 (65.1) | 0.148 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.021 | |||||
| White | 175 (62.5) | 43 (52.4) | 54 (71.1) | 31 (52.5) | 47 (74.6) | |
| Black | 96 (34.3) | 36 (43.9) | 20 (26.3) | 24 (40.7) | 16 (25.4) | |
| Other2 | 9 (3.2) | 3 (3.7) | 2 (2.6) | 4 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education | 0.008 | |||||
| Less than high school | 27 (9.6) | 10 (12.2) | 4 (5.3) | 11 (18.6) | 2 (3.2) | |
| High school | 102 (36.4) | 31 (37.8) | 26 (34.2) | 26 (44.1) | 19 (30.2) | |
| At least some college | 151 (53.9) | 41 (50.0) | 46 (60.5) | 22 (37.3) | 42 (66.7) | |
| Smoking | 0.212 | |||||
| Current | 30 (10.7) | 12 (14.6) | 6 (7.9) | 9 (15.3) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Former | 155 (55.4) | 44 (53.7) | 38 (50.0) | 34 (57.6) | 39 (61.9) | |
| Never | 95 (33.9) | 26 (31.7) | 32 (42.1) | 16 (27.2) | 21 (33.3) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 31.0± 7.9 | 30.5±6.9 | 31.6±9.1 | 30.4±7.6 | 31.3±8.1 | 0.751 |
| Perceived health | <.001 | |||||
| Excellent/Very Good | 34 (12.1) | 28 (34.2) | 48 (63.2) | 25 (42.4) | 27 (42.9) | |
| Good | 94 (33.6) | 33 (40.2) | 23 (30.3) | 28 (47.5) | 31 (49.2) | |
| Fair/Poor | 152 (54.3) | 21 (25.6) | 5 (6.6) | 6 (10.2) | 5 (7.9) | |
| Months with heart failure | 73.2± 71.0 | 65.8± 57.3 | 65.4± 60.6 | 68.5± 65.7 | 98.6± 96.7 | 0.172 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 2.8± 1.7 | 3.2±1.9 | 2.4±1.5 | 3.0±1.7 | 2.4±1.4 | 0.006 |
| Number of comorbid illnesses | 3.2±2.1 | 3.5±2.1 | 2.5±2.1 | 3.9±2.2 | 2.8±1.7 | 0.000 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 93(33.3) | 25 (31.7) | 18 (24.0) | 25 (42.4) | 24 (38.1) | 0.119 |
| Heart failure type3 | 0.959 | |||||
| • systolic/mixed | 226(81.0) | 67 (81.7) | 60 (79.0) | 48 (81.4) | 51 (82.3) | |
| • diastolic | 53(19.0) | 15 (29.5) | 16 (21.1) | 11 (18.6) | 11 (17.7) | |
| Heart failure etiology3 | 0.02 | |||||
| • ischemic | 102 (36.6) | 30 (36.6) | 24 (32.0) | 31 (52.5) | 17 (27.0) | |
| • nonischemic | 177(63.4) | 52 (63.4) | 51 (68.0) | 28 (47.5) | 46 (73.0) | |
| NYHA functional class | 0.039 | |||||
| • Class I & II | 66 (23.6) | 12 (14.6) | 18 (23.7) | 19 (32.2) | 17 (27.0) | |
| • Class III | 164 (58.6) | 47 (57.3) | 45 (59.2) | 32 (54.2) | 40 (63.5) | |
| • Class IV | 50 (17.9) | 23 (28.1) | 13 (17.1) | 8 (13.6) | 6 (9.5) | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 35.4 ± 16.9 | 36.6 ± 18.0 | 34.5 ± 15.2 | 32.5 ± 17.7 | 37.6 ± 16.9 | 0.34 |
| Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) | 153 (55) | 42 (51.2) | 46 (60.5) | 32 (54.2) | 33 (52.4) | 0.66 |
| Total number of prescription medications taken | 9.8 ± 3.9 | 10.4 ± 3.9 | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 10.1 ± 4.6 | 9.3 ± 3.8 | 0.24 |
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | 162 (57.9) | 49 (59.8) | 50 (65.8) | 31 (52.5) | 32 (50.8) | 0.256 |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) | 83 (29.6) | 24 (29,3) | 17 (22.4) | 20 (33.9) | 22 (34.9) | 0.349 |
| Diuretic (not including spironolactone/eplerenone) | 226 (80.7) | 68 (82.9) | 55 (72.4) | 54 (91.5) | 49 (77.8) | 0.038 |
| Beta-Blocker | 259 (92.5) | 76 (92.7) | 70 (32.1) | 55 (93.2) | 58 (92.1) | 0.994 |
| Depression measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) | 0.82 ± 1.0 | 1.11±1.3 | 0.80±1.0 | 0.71±0.9 | 0.57±0.8 | 0.048 |
| Insomnia symptoms | 4.5 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 4.6 ± 3.3 | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 0.009 |
| ANART Score | 29.9 ± 11.8 | 26.2± 12.5 | 32.9± 11.7 | 28.5± 11.9 | 32.0± 9.4 | 0.001 |
1
Comparison of groups via ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-square tests.
2
Other category combined with Black for analysis.
3
n=279
ANART = American National Adult Reading Test; EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, MCD = mild cognitive decline, NYHA = New York Heart Association;