Table 3.

Cytokines Assessed In Study

Cytokine/Chemokine	Abbreviation	Function
Interleukin-1-Beta	IL-1β	Produced by activated macrophages; mediates inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, apoptosis. Induces Cox-2 in CNS, causing inflammatory pain
Interleukin-6	IL-6	Secreted by T cells and macrophages; triggers inflammation, acute phase response, fever. Anti-inflammatory effects include inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1, and activating IL-1ra and IL-10.
Interleukin-8	IL-8	Made by macrophages and some epithelial and endothelial cells; Role in innate immune response. Major role in chemotaxis of neutrophils. Also mediates inflammatory response and angiogenesis.
Interleukin-10	IL-10	Produced by monocytes. Pleiotropic cytokine. As an anti- inflammatory cytokine, it inhibits macrophage and dendritic cell function, suppresses TNF-α. Acquires pro-inflammatory activity during immune response with IFN-α stimulation.
Interleukin-16	IL-16	Secreted by lymphocytes. Pleiotropic cytokine. Functions as a chemoattractant (CD4+ cells), modulates T cell activation, and inhibits HIV replication.
Interleukin-18	IL-18	Produced by macrophages and monocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interacts with IL-12 to induce cell-mediated immune response with microbial infection and LPS, inducing severe inflammatory reactions. Stimulates NK and T cell release of IFN-γ, which activates macrophages. Inhibits IL4-dependent IgE, enhances B cell production.
Interferon gamma- soluble cytokine	IFN-γ	Produced by innate NK cells, acquired antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ and effector CD8+ T cells. Activates macrophages and critical for innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular pathogens, tumor control, and inhibition of viral replication.
Interferon-inducible protein-10	IP-10	Produced by various cell types including monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes. Induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α. Chemoattractant for activated T cells.
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1- beta	MIP-1β	Produced by macrophages. CCL4 chemokine that generates local inflammatory responses, induces superoxide production by neutrophils. Chemotactic activity for lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and monocytes with inflammation; down-regulates CCR5, inhibiting HIV-1 blocking.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1	MCP-1	Expressed in monocytes, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells. CCL2 chemokine, induces monocyte attraction, and degranulation of basophils with histamine release. Induced by IL-1, TNF-α, PDGF, TGF-β, and LIF
Stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha	SDF-1α	Expressed ubiquitously, except in blood cells. Small cytokine member of CXCL12 family of chemokines. Activates leukocytes due to strong chemotactic effects. Induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli, e.g. TNF-α and IL-1β.
Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis- inducing ligand	TRAIL	Expressed broadly in tissues. Cytokine induces proapoptotic caspase activity by up-regulating pro-apoptotic Bcl proteins. Causes apoptosis in hepatocytes, neural cells, and thymocytes
Tumor Necrosis factor- alpha	TNF-α	Secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, NK cells after stimulation with LPS. CD4+ cells secrete TNF-α. Also made by astrocytes, microglial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Mediates systemic inflammation, inhibits viral replication, and inhibits tumorigenesis.