Table 3.
Associations between placental size measures and childhood systolic blood pressure
| At 4 months of age |
At 7 years of age |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placental size measure | n | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)* | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)† | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)* | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)† |
| Placental weight | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 2,747 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,721 | 1.45 (0.69,2.21) | 1.33 (0.57,2.10) | 0.44 (−0.09,0.97) | 0.33 (−0.21,0.86) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,570 | 0.18 (−0.59,0.95) | 0.00 (−0.78,0.78) | 0.78 (0.24,1.32) | 0.60 (0.04,1.16) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,682 | 0.78 (0.03,1.53) | 0.54 (−0.24,1.32) | 0.97 (0.43,1.51) | 0.73 (0.16,1.30) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 2,553 | 0.24 (−0.53,1.02) | −0.12 (−0.95,0.71) | 1.40 (0.85,1.95) | 1.03 (0.41,1.66) |
| Increase by 1 SD | --‡ | --‡ | 0.50 (0.33,0.68) | 0.37 (0.16,0.58) | |
| Placenta-fetus weight ratio | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 2,667 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,660 | 0.51 (−0.27,1.28) | -- | 0.12 (−0.42,0.66) | -- |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,648 | 0.12 (−0.66,0.90) | -- | 0.50 (−0.04,1.04) | -- |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,656 | −0.45 (−1.22,0.33) | -- | 1.07 (0.52,1.61) | -- |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 2,642 | −0.13 (−0.90,0.64) | -- | 0.88 (0.33,1.42) | -- |
| Increase by 1 SD | --‡ | -- | 0.37 (0.19,0.54) | -- | |
| Largest diameter | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 3,844 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,759 | 0.48 (−0.22,1.18) | 0.36 (−0.35,1.06) | −0.18 (−0.67,0.30) | −0.31 (−0.79,0.18) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,491 | 0.05 (−0.69,0.78) | −0.13 (−0.87,0.61) | 0.52 (0.01,1.02) | 0.34 (−0.18,0.86) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,184 | −0.24 (−1.00,0.53) | −0.48 (−1.26,0.29) | 0.84 (0.30,1.38) | 0.60 (0.04,1.15) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 1,995 | −1.12 (−1.90, −0.34) | −1.43 (−2.22, −0.64) | 1.52 (0.95,2.09) | 1.21 (0.62,1.81) |
| Increase by 1 SD | −0.37 (−0.61, −0.12) | −0.48 (−0.73, −0.23) | 0.52 (0.35,0.70) | 0.41 (0.22,0.60) | |
| Smallest diameter | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 3,979 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,791 | 0.32 (−0.37,1.01) | 0.20 (−0.49,0.89) | 0.03 (−0.44,0.51) | −0.09 (−0.57,0.39) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,646 | 0.56 (−0.15,1.27) | 0.38 (−0.34,1.10) | 0.44 (−0.05,0.94) | 0.26 (−0.25,0.77) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,051 | 0.00 (−0.78,0.78) | −0.25 (−1.04,0.53) | 0.84 (0.29,1.38) | 0.58 (0.02,1.15) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 1,806 | −1.25 (−2.05, −0.44) | −1.62 (−2.44, −0.79) | 1.21 (0.61,1.81) | 0.84 (0.21,1.47) |
| Increase by 1 SD | −0.37 (−0.61, −0.12) | −0.49 (−0.75, −0.24) | 0.49 (0.31,0.67) | 0.36 (0.17,0.56) | |
| Area | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 2,852 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,823 | 0.27 (−0.47,1.01) | 0.14 (−0.61,0.88) | 0.04 (−0.47,0.56) | −0.09 (−0.61,0.43) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,562 | 0.06 (−0.70,0.82) | −0.15 (−0.92,0.62) | 0.33 (−0.20,0.86) | 0.13 (−0.41,0.67) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,561 | 0.22 (−0.55,0.98) | −0.07 (−0.85,0.71) | 0.98 (0.44,1.52) | 0.69 (0.13,1.25) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 2,475 | −1.20 (−1.98, −0.42) | −1.60 (−2.40, −0.79) | 1.36 (0.79,1.92) | 0.96 (0.36,1.57) |
| Increase by 1 SD | −0.45 (−0.70, −0.20) | −0.59 (−0.85, −0.33) | 0.59 (0.41,0.78) | 0.45 (0.25,0.65) | |
| Thickness | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 3,012 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 4,483 | −1.29 (−1.97, −0.61) | −1.34 (−2.03, −0.66) | −0.05 (−0.54,0.43) | −0.11 (−0.59,0.38) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 765 | −2.27 (−3.43, −1.11) | −2.36 (−3.53, −1.20) | 1.52 (0.68,2.36) | 1.42 (0.59,2.26) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 3,016 | −1.40 (−2.16, −0.65) | −1.52 (−2.28, −0.76) | 0.46 (−0.10,1.02) | 0.34 (−0.22,0.90) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 1,997 | −1.69 (−2.51, −0.88) | −1.87 (−2.69, −1.05) | 0.60 (−0.01,1.21) | 0.42 (−0.19,1.04) |
| Increase by 1 SD¶ | −0.40 (−0.65, −0.15) | −0.46 (−0.72, −0.21) | 0.13 (−0.06,0.31) | 0.07 (−0.12,0.26) | |
| Volume | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 2,691 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,745 | −0.70 (−1.46,0.07) | −0.83 (−1.59, −0.06) | 0.04 (−0.50,0.57) | −0.09 (−0.63,0.45) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,622 | −1.18 (−1.96, −0.40) | −1.40 (−2.19, −0.61) | 0.53 (0.00,1.07) | 0.31 (−0.23,0.86) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,612 | −1.27 (−2.06, −0.49) | −1.59 (−2.38, −0.79) | 1.26 (0.70,1.82) | 0.94 (0.37,1.52) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 2,603 | −1.73 (−2.51, −0.95) | −2.18 (−2.98, −1.38) | 1.31 (0.74,1.89) | 0.86 (0.25,1.47) |
| Increase by 1 SD | −0.60 (−0.85, −0.35) | −0.77 (−1.03, −0.51) | 0.48 (0.30,0.67) | 0.32 (0.12,0.52) | |
| Density | |||||
| 1 to 20th percentile | 2,665 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 21 to 40th percentile | 2,660 | 0.74 (−0.02,1.51) | 0.75 (−0.02,1.51) | 0.21 (−0.34,0.76) | 0.21 (−0.34,0.76) |
| 41 to 60th percentile | 2,652 | 1.39 (0.61,2.17) | 1.39 (0.60,2.17) | −0.29 (−0.85,0.28) | −0.29 (−0.86,0.27) |
| 61 to 80th percentile | 2,661 | 2.12 (1.34,2.90) | 2.12 (1.33,2.90) | −1.11 (−1.68, −0.54) | −1.11 (−1.68, −0.54) |
| 81 to 100th percentile | 2,635 | 2.40 (1.62,3.18) | 2.41 (1.63,3.19) | −0.34 (−0.92,0.24) | −0.33 (−0.91,0.25) |
| Increase by 1 SD | 0.54 (0.27,0.81) | 0.54 (0.27,0.81) | 0.08 (−0.07,0.22) | 0.08 (−0.07,0.22) | |
SD, standard deviation.
*
Adjusted for family socio-economic percentile, maternal characteristics (age at pregnancy, race, marital status, parity, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia-eclampsia), the child's sex and gestational age, and the study site.
†
Additionally adjusted for birth weight.
‡
P-value for the trend test >0.05.
¶
This should be interpreted with caution because the recorded placental thickness was not normally distributed.