Fig. 1.

Effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on immunocytes. MSCs modulate the immune response by their interaction with a wide range of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (T), natural killer (NK), NK T and γδT cells. Inhibitory role by MSCs is dependent on cell–cell contact and soluble factors released by MSCs. HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; iDC: immature dendritic cell; IDO: indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; IL-10: interleukin-10; mDC: mature dendritic cell; NO: nitric oxide; PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β.