Table 3.

Effects of Self-Control Problems on Levels and Change in Substance Use

	Grade 11 level					Grades 8–11 slope
	b	SE	B	Z	p	b	SE	B	Z	p
Alcohol
Gender	−0.27	0.08	−0.14	−3.42	0.001	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.41	0.685
Intervention status	−0.10	0.07	−0.05	−1.41	0.158	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.15	0.880
Conduct problems, Grade 6	−0.12	0.32	−0.04	−0.38	0.704	−0.09	0.13	−0.10	−0.68	0.500
Slope self-control problems	3.06	1.34	0.17	2.28	0.023	−1.48	0.55	−0.29	−2.71	0.007
Grade 6 self-control       problems level	2.81	0.55	0.49	5.10	0.000	−0.06	0.22	−0.04	−0.27	0.788
Marijuana
Gender	−0.16	0.11	−0.07	−1.42	0.157	0.02	0.05	0.03	0.41	0.684
Intervention status	−0.08	0.09	−0.03	−0.80	0.422	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.48	0.630
Conduct problems, Grade 6	−0.04	0.44	−0.01	−0.10	0.924	−0.01	0.17	−0.01	−0.05	0.958
Slope self-control problems	6.02	2.00	0.27	3.01	0.003	0.02	0.72	0.00	0.03	0.979
Grade 6 self-control       problems level	3.61	0.90	0.51	4.00	0.000	−0.02	0.33	−0.01	−0.06	0.954
Cigarette
Gender	−0.23	0.07	−0.18	−3.45	0.001	0.10	0.03	0.29	3.24	0.001
Intervention status	−0.10	0.05	−0.08	−1.99	0.047	−0.04	0.03	−0.10	−1.37	0.171
Conduct problems, Grade 6	−0.20	0.25	−0.10	−0.82	0.411	−0.09	0.12	−0.15	−0.76	0.447
Slope self-control problems	2.86	1.07	0.24	2.67	0.008	−1.04	0.50	−0.31	−2.07	0.038
Grade 6 self-control       problems level	2.35	0.53	0.63	4.49	0.000	−0.36	0.24	−0.34	−1.52	0.129

^*Coefficients in bold were significant, p < .05