Table 2.
Characteristics and Clinical Variables According to Pregnancy Outcome
| Term SGA (n=192) |
P* | Preterm (n=181) |
P* | Term AGA (n=306) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index pregnancy (1997–2002) | |||||
| Age (y) | 29.1±6.6 | .55 | 30.5±6.8 | <.01 | 28.5±6.9 |
| Prepregnancy weight (kg) | 61.4±15.1 | <.01 | 65.3±13.2 | .76 | 66.3±18.6 |
| African American | 46 (24) | .03 | 46 (26) | .06 | 103 (34) |
| Gestational age (wk) | 39.3±1.2 | .99 | 34.0±2.5 | <.01 | 39.3±1.1 |
| Birth weight (g) | 2,601.6±270.9 | <.01 | 2,373.2±605.4 | <.01 | 3,275.2±400.9 |
| Multiparous | 155 (81) | .03 | 152 (84) | .34 | 269 (88) |
| First born-index pregnancy | 76 (40) | .89 | 70 (39) | .74 | 123 (40) |
| Additional preterm births | 30 (16) | .45 | 54 (30) | <.01 | 38 (12) |
| Gestational hypertension | 2 (1) | .43 | 2 (1) | .47 | 6 (2) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 59 (36) | <.01 | 30 (19) | .61 | 59 (21) |
| Study visit (2005–2009) | |||||
| Time since index pregnancy (y) | 8.2±1.8 | .61 | 8.5±1.7 | .18 | 8.0±1.7 |
| Age (y) | 37.3±7.2 | .45 | 39.0±7.0 | <.01 | 36.5±7.4 |
| Tobacco use-current | 72 (38) | .01 | 60 (33) | .08 | 76 (25) |
| Pack-years smoked† | 5.4±7.5 | .44 | 4.6±6.5 | .93 | 4.2±5.9 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0±6.3 | <.01 | 27.3±6.6 | .57 | 27.8±7.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.8±13.9 | <.01 | 91.7±15.1 | .81 | 92.5±15.8 |
| Oral contraceptive use | 31 (16) | .59 | 18 (10) | .16 | 44 (14) |
| Menopause | 5 (3) | .09 | 22 (12) | .01 | 18 (6) |
| Alcohol consumption† | 75 (39) | .67 | 61 (34) | .82 | 108 (35) |
| Physical activity (MET-h/wk) | 13.1±17.8 | .39 | 12.1±8.0 | .19 | 15.9±32.8 |
| Education | .97 | .58 | |||
| Less than high school | 14 (7) | 7 (4) | 20 (7) | ||
| High school | 52 (27) | 49 (27) | 88 (29) | ||
| College | 101 (53) | 99 (55) | 159 (52) | ||
| More than college | 25 (13) | 26 (14) | 39 (13) | ||
| Income | .03 | .08 | |||
| Less than $20,000 | 41 (21) | 37 (20) | 80 (26) | ||
| $20,000 to less than 50,000 | 49 (26) | 50 (28) | 60 (20) | ||
| $50,000 to less than $100,000 | 61 (32) | 53 (29) | 93 (30) | ||
| More than $100,000 | 30 (16) | 28 (15) | 62 (20) | ||
| Do not know | 11 (6) | 13 (7) | 11 (4) | ||
| Insurance | .64 | <.01 | |||
| Medicaid | 39 (20) | 19 (11) | 77 (25) | ||
| Medicare | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 8 (3) | ||
| Private | 139 (73) | 146 (81) | 205 (67) | ||
| None | 10 (5) | 11 (6) | 16 (5) | ||
| Menstrual cycle phase | .34 | .09 | |||
| Fewer than 14 days of menses | 80 (42) | 76 (42) | 147 (48) | ||
| 14 or more days of menses | 112 (58) | 105 (58) | 159 (52) | ||
| Family history | |||||
| Hypertension | 105 (55) | .58 | 109 (60) | .51 | 175 (57) |
| Diabetes | 10 (5) | .64 | 9 (5) | .57 | 19 (6) |
| Heart disease | 59 (31) | .09 | 54 (30) | .15 | 73 (24) |
| Stroke | 21 (11) | .77 | 24 (13) | .63 | 36 (12) |
| Toxemia | 18 (9) | .54 | 18 (10) | .69 | 34 (11) |
| Clinical variables | |||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 105.9±14.3 | .69 | 109.0±12.3 | .05 | 106.7±10.4 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 68.8±10.7 | .29 | 71.5±7.8 | .04 | 69.8±8.3 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.8±13.8 | .59 | 57.5±15.1 | .76 | 56.6±14.2 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109.8±33.2 | .96 | 118.0±30.1 | <.01 | 109.1±33.1 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 102.7±56.7 | .78 | 112.2±66.2 | .04 | 99.4±54.0 |
| Insulin (international units/mL) | 10.4±5.9 | .42 | 11.1±6.2 | .99 | 11.1±6.8 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.3±11.2 | .84 | 93.1±16.8 | .92 | 92.6±11.9 |
SGA, small for gestational age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; MET, metabolic equivalent; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Data are mean±standard deviation or n (%) unless otherwise specified.
*
Dunnett’s test for means and c2 test for categorical variables, comparing women with term SGA or preterm birth with women in a control group separately.
†
Pack years smoked among ever users (at least 200 cigarettes in lifetime); regular alcohol use was defined as drinking beer, wine, or liquor at least once a week.