Table 1.
Efferent connectivity of the pedunculopontine nucleus.
| Target brain area | PPN region | References |
|---|---|---|
| BASAL GANGLIA | ||
| STN | Caudal | Nomura et al. (1980), Carpenter et al. (1981), Saper and Loewy (1982), Edley and Graybiel (1983), Hammond et al. (1983), Lavoie and Parent (1994), Bevan and Bolam (1995), Muthusamy et al. (2007), Martinez-Gonzalez et al. (2009), Kita and Kita (2010) |
| EP/GPi | Rostral | Saper and Loewy (1982), Gonya-Magee and Anderson (1983), Jackson and Crossman (1983), Woolf and Butcher (1986), Scarnati et al. (1988), Charara and Parent (1994), Lavoie and Parent (1994), Shink et al. (1997) |
| SN | Rostral | Saper and Loewy (1982), Scarnati et al. (1984, 1987), Sugimoto and Hattori (1984), Woolf and Butcher (1986), Clarke et al. (1987), Gould et al. (1989), Nakamura et al. (1989), Bolam et al. (1991), Lavoie and Parent (1994), Futami et al. (1995), Oakman et al. (1995), 1999, Charara et al. (1996), Takakusaki et al. (1996) |
| VTA | Caudal | Sugimoto and Hattori (1984), Oakman et al. (1995), Charara et al. (1996), Geisler and Zahm (2005), Mena-Segovia et al. (2005), Good and Lupica (2009) |
| STR | Saper and Loewy (1982), Nakano et al. (1990) | |
| THALAMUS | ||
| MD | Caudal | Steriade et al. (1988), Lavoie and Parent (1994) |
| VA | Caudal | Smith et al. (1988) |
| VL | Caudal | Smith et al. (1988) |
| VM | Caudal | Smith et al. (1988) |
| Pf | Caudal | Sugimoto and Hattori (1984), Kobayashi and Nakamura (2003), Kobayashi et al. (2007), Parent and Descarries (2008) |
| DG | Caudal | Parent and Descarries (2008) |
| Rt | Caudal | Parent and Descarries (2008) |
| LM-Sg | Caudal | Hoshino et al. (1997, 2000) |
| CM/CL/PV | Caudal | Steriade et al. (1990), Erro et al. (1999), Krout et al. (2002) |
| TECTUM | ||
| IC | Caudal | Mena-Segovia et al. (2008), Motts and Schofield (2009) |
| SC | Caudal | Beninato and Spencer (1986), Hall et al. (1989), Krauthamer et al. (1995), Mena-Segovia et al. (2008) |
| FOREBRAIN | ||
| MgPA | Rostral | Semba and Fibiger (1992), Losier and Semba (1993) |
| NbMC | Rostral | Semba and Fibiger (1992) |
| Hypothalamus | Woolf and Butcher (1986), Hallanger et al. (1987), Ford et al. (1995) | |
| LM-Sg | Hoshino et al. (2004) | |
| RMTg | Jhou et al. (2009) | |
| BRAINSTEM | ||
| PRF | Caudal | Mitani et al. (1988), Semba et al. (1990), Takakusaki et al. (1996) |
| GiN | Caudal | Mitani et al. (1988), Rye et al. (1988), Grofova and Keane (1991), Martinez-Gonzalez et al. (2009) |
| MVM | Caudal | Skinner et al. (1990b) |
| MRF | Caudal | Nakamura et al. (1989), Grofova and Keane (1991) |
| NPO | Caudal | Garcia-Rill et al. (2001) |
| Spinal cord | Caudal | Rye et al. (1988), Spann and Grofova (1989), Skinner et al. (1990a) |
Abbreviations: STN, subthalamic nucleus; EP, entopeduncular nucleus; GPi, internal segment of the globus pallidus; SN, substantia nigra; VTA, ventral tegmental area; STR, striatum; MD, mediodorsal; VA, ventral anterior; VL, ventro-lateral; VM, ventro-medial; Pf, parafascicular; DG, dorsal geniculate; Rt, retocular thalamic; LM-Sg, lateralis medialis-suprageniculate; CM, centromedian; CL, centrolateral; PV, paraventricular; IC, inferior colliculus; SC, superior colliculus; MgPA, magnocellular preoptic area; NbMC, nucleus basalis magnocellularis; RMTg, mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus; PRF, pontine reticular formation; GiN, gigantocellular nucleus; MVM, medioventral medulla; MRF, medial reticular formation; NPO, nucleus pontis oralis.