Two Possible Relationships Between NHEJ and Alternative End Joining Pathways. In the left box, NHEJ and alternative end joining are depicted as two independent pathways. In the right box, NHEJ is viewed as the ‘first-string’ enzymes, with back-up enzymes filling-in when one or more primary NHEJ enzymes or components are mutated, missing (right side of right box), or perhaps even overwhelmed with a large number of DSBs.