effective population size	Number of individuals in a population who produce viable offspring.
biased gene conversion	Recombination event in which one variant of genomic sequence is preferentially “copied/pasted” onto another one.
fourfold degenerate sites	Positions within the coding sequence of a gene at which all four nucleotides encode the same amino acid.
codon adaptation index	Measure of similarity between the codon usage of a gene and the average codon usage of highly expressed genes in a species.
iso-accepting tRNAs	Subset of tRNAs that carry the same amino acid.
horizontal gene transfer	Transfer of genetic material from one species into another.
isochore	Large fragment of a chromosome characterized by homogeneous GC content.
negative selection	A form of natural selection that suppresses alternative genetic variants in favor of the wildtype.
ribosomal pausing	A temporary arrest of the ribosome during translation elongation.
shotgun proteomics	Methods of quantifying protein levels in a complex sample, typically using mass spectrometry.
RNAseq	Quantitative analysis of RNA in a complex sample by high-throughput sequencing.
upstream open reading frames	Open reading frames located 5′ from the primary open reading frame; considered to inhibit translation of the primary ORF.
ribosomal footprints	Fragments of mRNA that were protected by ribosomes from nuclease digestion in a ribosomal profiling experiment.