Table 3.
Potential Risk Factorsa among Women in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study < 75 years of age (n=1325) by High and Low Quintiles for modified Healthy Eating Index Score (mHEI) and Level of Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyle Score
| Modified Healthy Eating Index Score | Physical Activity MET-hrs/week | Healthy Lifestyle Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated Servings: | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Total | 3.0 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
| Dark Green, Orange, and Legumes | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 |
| Fruit (total) | 1.5 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 3.5 |
| Milk or dairy | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
| Meat, Beans, Fish or Eggs | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
| Grains | ||||||
| Total | 2.5 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 |
| Whole | 0.48 | 1.11 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 1.13 |
| Nutrients From Food: | ||||||
| Total Fat (% energy) | 42 | 24 | 36 | 29 | 37 | 23 |
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (% energy) | 8.2 | 5.3 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 5.1 |
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (% energy) | 15 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 9 |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthin (mg) | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 60 | 118 | 75 | 118 | 73 | 123 |
| Vitamin D (mcg) | 4.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.9b | 4.2 | 5.1 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 7.3 | 7.4b | 7.2 | 8.0b | 7.2 | 7.7 |
| Zinc (mcg) | 8.8 | 11.1 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 9.1 | 11.6 |
| Nutrients From Food and Supplements Combined | ||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 151 | 302 | 188 | 291 | 176 | 315 |
| Vitamin D (mcg) | 6.8 | 10.6 | 7.8 | 12.8 | 7.3 | 11.6 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 56 | 69b | 52 | 231b | 54 | 82b |
| Zinc (mcg) | 13.1 | 18.4 | 14.6 | 17.8b | 14.1 | 18.9 |
| Multivitamin User (%) | 37 | 56 | 41 | 53b | 39 | 60 |
| Nutrient Levels in Serum | ||||||
| Lutein+Zeaxanthin (trans) (umol/L) | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.40 |
| Alpha-tocopherol (umol/L) | 42 | 49 | 45 | 49b | 44 | 51 |
| Vitamin D ( nmol/L) | 51 | 60 | 51 | 66 | 52 | 67 |
| Macular Pigment Optical Density | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.39b | 0.34 | 0.42 |
| Non-nutritional Risk Factors | ||||||
| Physical Activity MET-hrs/week | 9 | 22 | 1 | 39 | 5 | 36 |
| Body Mass Index (mm/Kg2) | 29.4 | 26.2 | 29.7 | 25.5 | 29.8 | 25.7 |
| Smoking Packyears | 10.0 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 18.3 | 0.1 |
| Diabetes Status (%) | 3.6 | 1.9b | 5.0 | 0.7b | 3.9 | 0.0b |
| Family History of AMD (%) | 16 | 15b | 15 | 14b | 15 | 11b |
| Iris Pigment Color | ||||||
| % Blue/Green | 66 | 70b | 64 | 70b | 62 | 66 |
| %Brown | 34 | 30b | 36 | 30b | 38 | 34 |
| History of Cardiovascular Disease (%) | 22.2 | 20.6b | 23.2 | 21.1b | 23.2 | 21.5 |
| History of Hypertension (%) | 30 | 19 | 31 | 21 | 29 | 16 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure in women not taking hypertension medicationc (mm Hg) | 124.9 | 121.2 | 121.8 | 120.6b | 122.3 | 117.2b |
| C-Reactive Proteind ( mg/liter) | 5.6 | 3.7 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 3.6 |
All numbers are age-adjusted least squared means (or age-adjusted percentages) of values determined at WHI baseline, except for macular pigment optical density which was measured in CAREDS in 2001-2004 and histories of smoking, hormone use, diabetes and cardiovascular disease which were updated in CAREDS. Lutein, vitamin and zinc estimates from food and supplements combined were log-transformed in the calculation because of skewed distributions.
All associations between potential risk factors and mHEI score, level of physical activity and Healthy Lifestyle Score were significant (p<0.05) except for these.
In women not taking hypertension medication (N=988 )
CRP values were available in 903 women in this dataset.