Table 2.
Energy, nutrient intake and serum nutrient concentrations, assessed at the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHIOS) baseline (1993–1998) among participants in low and high quintiles for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (nmol/L), assessed at WHIOS baseline, adjusted for month of blood draw †: the Carotenoids and Age-Related Eye Disease Study (n=1,313).
| 25(OH)D, nmol/L (median (range)) | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | p-value* | Spearman Correlation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 (7, 38) | 85 (75, 165) | |||
| Total energy, kcals (mean (SE‡)) | 1572 (40) | 1706 (39) | 0.12 | 0.06 |
| Total fat, % kcals (mean (SE)) | 33.9 (0.5) | 30.0 (0.5) | <0.01 | −0.15 |
| Polyunsaturated, % kcals | 6.9 (0.1) | 6.0 (0.1) | <0.01 | −0.13 |
| Dietary fiber, g/day (mean (SE)) | 17.0 (0.6) | 20.2 (0.6) | <0.01 | 0.11 |
| Micronutrients (mean (SE)) | ||||
| Lutein and zeaxanthin from foods ¶, mg/day | 1.6 (0.07) | 1.8 (0.07) | 0.27 | 0.06 |
| Vitamin C from foods and supplements, mg/day | 344 (35) | 515 (34) | <0.01 | 0.16 |
| Vitamin D from foods and supplements, mcg/day | 7.9 (0.4) | 15.1 (0.4) | <0.01 | 0.33 |
| Vitamin E from foods and supplements, mg/day | 141 (22) | 237 (22) | <0.01 | 0.16 |
| Zinc from foods and supplements, mg/day | 16.3 (0.8) | 23.9 (0.8) | <0.01 | 0.22 |
| Fruit intake, servings/day (mean (SE)) | 1.9 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | <0.01 | 0.12 |
| Vegetable intake, servings/day (mean (SE)) | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.1) | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| Milk intake, servings/day (mean (SE)) | 0.46 (0.03) | 0.73 (0.03) | <0.01 | 0.21 |
| Fortified cereal intake, servings/day (mean (SE)) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Margarine intake, g/day (mean (SE)) | 6.2 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 0.31 | −0.01 |
| Fish intake, servings/day (mean (SE)) | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.01) | 0.49 | 0.03 |
| Healthy Eating Index 2005 (mean (SE)) | 63 (0.4) | 65 (0.4) | <0.01 | 0.16 |
| Supplement user (% yes) § | 60 | 87 | <0.01 | |
P-values are for general associations. For categorical variables, the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic for a general association is used. For continuous variables, an ANOVA to compare least square means by level of categorical predictor (quintile of serum vitamin D) is used. A p-value for the ANOVA was obtained for the linear trend by replacing the categorical predictor with the continuous variable (serum vitamin D). P-values do not necessarily represent a linear trend for either type of variable. Continuous variables are adjusted for age as a continuous variable and categorical variables are adjusted for age using a variable with 3 categories (≤69; 70–74; ≥75).
Serum vitamin D values were adjusted for month of blood draw by adding the residuals from a loess fit to the overall population mean (57.31 nmol/L).
SE =Standard Error
Data on lutein and zeaxanthin intake from diet plus supplements is not presented as lutein supplements were not recorded at WHI-baseline.
Supplement user defined as a user of any of the single or combination nutrient supplements (missing values are considered as non-user for a given supplement).