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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 13.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Apr;129(4):481–489. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.48

Table 3.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), assessed from 2001–2004, among participants in quintiles 2–5 compared to one for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L), assessed in 1993–1998: the Carotenoids and Age-Related Eye Disease Study (n=1,313).

Quintiles of serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)
Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5
Median (range) 30 (7, 38) 44 (>38, 50) 56 (>50, 61) 67 (>61, 75) 85 (>75, 165)
Early AMD P for trend *
All ages (n=1,287)
# with AMD/# in quintile 57/251 42/260 49/259 48/257 45/260
Age-adjusted model 1.0 0.61 (0.38–0.95) 0.79 (0.51–1.23) 0.74 (0.48–1.15) 0.72 (0.46–1.13) 0.28
Multivariate model 1.0 0.63 (0.39–0.99) 0.83 (0.53–1.30) 0.78 (0.50–1.23) 0.79 (0.50–1.24) 0.47
Multivariate model + BMI + PA§ 1.0 0.65 (0.40–1.04) 0.89 (0.55–1.41) 0.82 (0.51–1.31) 0.85 (0.52–1.38) 0.71
Multivariate model + CRP †† 1.0 0.61 (0.38–0.97) 0.78 (0.49–1.24) 0.73 (0.46–1.16) 0.74 (0.46–1.19) 0.37
<75 yrs (n=968)
# with AMD/# in quintile 42/196 23/190 28/199 24/184 22/199
Age-adjusted model 1.0 0.49 (0.28–0.85) 0.62 (0.36–1.04) 0.57 (0.32–0.98) 0.48 (0.27–0.83) 0.01
Multivariate model 1.0 0.50 (0.28–0.87) 0.66 (0.38–1.12) 0.58 (0.33–1.01) 0.52 (0.29–0.91) 0.02
Multivariate model + BMI + PA 1.0 0.55 (0.30–0.97) 0.76 (0.43–1.33) 0.74 (0.40–1.32) 0.68 (0.37–1.24) 0.19
Multivariate model + CRP 1.0 0.49 (0.27–0.86) 0.58 (0.33–1.01) 0.51 (0.28–0.90) 0.49 (0.27–0.88) 0.01
≥75 yrs (n=319)
# with AMD/# in quintile 15/55 19/70 21/60 24/73 23/61
Age-adjusted model 1.0 1.00 (0.45–2.22) 1.43 (0.65–3.21) 1.30 (0.61–2.85) 1.62 (0.74–3.61) 0.08
Multivariate model 1.0 1.10 (0.48–2.57) 1.52 (0.66–3.60) 1.55 (0.69–3.58) 1.76 (0.77–4.13) 0.05
Multivariate model + BMI + PA 1.0 0.84 (0.35–2.04) 1.26 (0.52–3.10) 1.10 (0.47–2.64) 1.28 (0.52–3.17) 0.18
Multivariate model + CRP 1.0 1.05 (0.44–2.54) 1.64 (0.69–4.02) 1.58 (0.69–3.72) 1.62 (0.69–3.95) 0.06
Advanced AMD ‡‡
All ages (n=1,313)
# with AMD/# at risk 5/256 5/265 6/265 7/264 3/263
Age-adjusted model 1.0 0.89 (0.24–3.26) 1.15 (0.34–4.07) 1.25 (0.39–4.32) 0.59 (0.12–2.46) 0.95
*

A P-value was obtained for the linear trend by replacing the categorical predictor with the continuous variable (serum vitamin D).

Analyses for early AMD do not include women with advanced AMD.

Worse eye, adjusted for age at photography.

Multivariate model: Worse eye, adjusted for age at photography, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (smoking pack years, iris pigmentation, family history of AMD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hormone use status).

§

Multivariate model further adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA).

††

Multivariate model further adjusted for C-reactive protein (CRP).

‡‡

There were insufficient cases of AMD to run stable risk estimates for other multivariate models of advanced AMD.