Table 4.
Multivariate† model odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), assessed from 2001–2004, among participants (<75 years) in quintiles 2–5 compared to one for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, assessed in 1993–1998, further adjusted for potential dietary confounders: the Carotenoids and Age-Related Eye Disease Study (n=968)
| Quintiles of serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) | P for trend * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | ||
| Median (range) | 30 (7, 38) | 44 (>38, 50) | 56 (>50, 61) | 67 (>61, 75) | 85 (>75, 165) | |
| Early AMD | ||||||
| # with AMD/# in quintile | 42/196 | 23/190 | 28/199 | 24/184 | 22/199 | |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 | 0.50 (0.28–0.87) | 0.66 (0.38–1.12) | 0.58 (0.33–1.01) | 0.52 (0.29–0.91) | 0.02 |
| + lutein and zeaxanthin intake from foods | 1.0 | 0.52 (0.29–0.90) | 0.67 (0.39–1.14) | 0.59 (0.33–1.03) | 0.53 (0.30–0.94) | 0.02 |
| + polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from foods | 1.0 | 0.51 (0.28–0.88) | 0.67 (0.39–1.15) | 0.61 (0.34–1.06) | 0.55 (0.31–0.97) | 0.04 |
| + healthy eating index 2005 | 1.0 | 0.53 (0.30–0.93) | 0.74 (0.42–1.27) | 0.66 (0.36–1.16) | 0.57 (0.32–1.01) | 0.06 |
*
A P-value was obtained for the linear trend by replacing the categorical predictor with the continuous variable (serum vitamin D).
†
Model Worse eye, adjusted for age at photography, month of blood draw, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (smoking pack years, iris pigmentation, family history of AMD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hormone use status).