Table I.
Echocardiography findings in the iron-overloaded patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and normal reference values
| Age Range (years) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 -9 | 10 - 13 | 14 - 18 | |||||||
|
Reference Value |
Patients with SCA |
N(%) abnormal |
Reference Value |
Patients with SCA |
N(%) abnormal |
Reference Value |
Patients with SCA |
N(%) abnormal |
|
| Mean mitral annular velocity – e′ (cm/sec) | 17.2±3.7 (16.2-18.3) | 17.0±3.3 (15.0-23.7) | 5/6 (83%) | 19.6±3.4 (18.7-20.5) | 16.4±3.5 (11.3-20.7) | 10/13 (77%) | 20.6± 3.8 (19.7-21.4) | 17.6±4.2 (11.0-25.7) | 8/11 (73%) |
| e/e′ ratio | 5.8± 1.9 (5.3-6.4) | 7.8±0.9 (6.3-8.8) | 100% | 4.9±1.3 (4.6-5.2) | 8.7±3.3 (5.0-14.6) | 100% | 4.7±1.3 (4.4-5.0) | 7.7±2.7 (4.8-13.6) | 100% |
| Mean tricuspid annular velocity (cm/sec) | 16.5±3.0 (15.7-17.4) | 17.4±3.0 (13.3-22.2) | 2/6 (33%) | 16.5±3.1 (15.7-17.4) | 17.1±3.0 (13.0-22.0) | 6/12 (50%) | 16.7±2.8 (16.0-17.3) | 15.9±2.8 (9.3-18.7) | 5/11 (45%) |
| Left ventricular myocardial performance index | 0.32±0.06 | 0.21±0.12 (0.07-0.36) | 1/5 (20%) | 0.34±0.06 | 0.25±0.11 (0.11-0.52) | 1/13 (8%) | 0.34±0.08 | 0.30±0.17 (0.10-0.72) | 3/11 (27%) |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 82.3±28.3 | 101.5±25.8 (79.0-148.0) | 5/6 (83%) | 110.1±32.9 | 80.8±13.5 (62.0-103.0) | 0 | 158.4±48.5 | 90.8±18.9 (61.0-133.0) | 0 |
Notes: Results presented as mean ± 1 STD (95% confidence interval), unless noted otherwise. e/e′ ratio, mean tricuspid annular velocity, left ventricular myocardial performance, and left ventricular mass index were not obtained in one patient. e′ and mean tricuspid annular velocity were considered abnormal if below the reference range for age. e/e′ ratio, left ventricular performance index, and left ventricular mass index were considered abnormal if above the reference range for age. Reference values extracted from published norms in general pediatrics.[18]