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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 21.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2011 Jan 21;108(2):235–248. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223875

Figure 3. mmLDL and low-dose LPS induce cooperative TLR4-mediated signaling in macrophages.

Figure 3

mmLDL induces rapid, JNK-dependent phosphorylation of Jun, which leads to removal of NCoR and derepression of AP-1. This, together with rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2, results in the completion of the AP-1 transcription complex, which is later strengthened by delayed ERK1/2 and Jun phosphorylation induced by LPS 111. However, LPS-induced Jun phosphorylation is mediated by IKKε, which is brought to the promoter region with the NF-κB transcription factors 127. Cooperative activation of AP-1 and NF-κB result in increased expression of proinflammatory genes induced by co-stimulation with mmLDL and LPS 111.